GS Paper - 3

India Signs Major Defence Contracts

31-12-2025

Source: TH

India signed defence procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore for the induction of modern infantry weapons and advanced naval torpedoes, reinforcing operational preparedness and indigenisation.

Read more: India’s Defense Modernization: Challenges and Opportunities


Small Finance Banks (SFBs)

31-10-2025

Source: BS

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has returned Jana Small Finance Bank’s (SFB) application for transition into a universal bank, citing non-fulfilment of eligibility criteria outlined under its 2024 guidelines for SFBs.

What is a Small Finance Bank?

RBI's 2024 Guidelines for Converting SFBs into Universal Banks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a Small Finance Bank?

SFBs are private institutions created to enhance financial inclusion in India. They offer basic banking facilities, including deposits and credit, to unserved and underserved groups like small farmers, micro industries, and informal sector enterprises.

2. When were SFBs introduced and under whose recommendation?

Introduced in Union Budget 2014–15, based on the 2009 Raghuram Rajan Committee Report – “A Hundred Small Steps.”

3. What are the key eligibility criteria for an SFB to convert into a universal bank as per RBI's 2024 guidelines?

The SFB must be listed, have a minimum net worth of ₹1,000 crore, a profitable track record of 5 years, and maintain gross NPAs <3% and net NPAs <1% for two consecutive years.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. What is the purpose of setting up of Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in India? (2017)

  1. To supply credit to small business units
  2. To supply credit to small and marginal farmers
  3. To encourage young entrepreneurs to set up business particularly in rural areas.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



NISAR Satellite

31-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite, an Earth observation mission, was launched by ISRO from Sriharikota.

NISAR

What are the Key Facts About NISAR Satellite? 

NISAR

What is a Radar Band? 

Radar Band 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.  
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.  
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3  

(c) 1 and 2  

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a) 

Q. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (2014)

Spacecraft             Purpose 

  1. Cassini-Huygens : Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth
  2. Messenger : Mapping and investigating the Mercury
  3. Voyager 1 and 2 : Exploring the outer solar system

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)




RBI Gold Reserves Surpass USD 100 Billion

30-10-2025

Source: Mint

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has stepped up its gold repatriation efforts, bringing back nearly 64 tonnes of gold from abroad between April and September 2025, raising India’s gold reserves to USD 108 billion.

What are the Key Reasons Behind the RBI's Increase in Its Gold Reserves?

India's Foreign Exchange Reserve

Why does the RBI Store Part of India's Gold Reserves Abroad?

Conclusion

RBI's accelerated gold repatriation is a strategic move to de-risk India's sovereign assets from geopolitical financial warfare, enhancing economic sovereignty and financial security in a fragmented world.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyse the strategic rationale behind the RBI’s gold repatriation drive since 2023 and its implications for India’s financial sovereignty

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How much gold does the RBI hold domestically and overseas (Sept 2025)?
Total 880.8 tonnes: 575.8 tonnes domestic, 290.3 tonnes with Bank of England/BIS, plus 14 tonnes as deposits.

2. What proportion of India’s reserves is constituted by gold?
Gold accounts for 13.9% of India’s foreign reserves (Sept 2025), increasing strategic reserve diversification.

3. How does gold repatriation affect India’s import cover and resilience?
Repatriation improves reserve adequacy and import cover (now ~11 months), strengthening ability to meet external obligations

.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims  

Q.What is/are the purpose/purposes of Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’? (2016) 

  1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.
  2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector.
  3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q.Which one of the following groups of items is included in India’s foreign-exchange reserves? (2013) 

(a) Foreign-currency assets, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and loans from foreign countries 

(b) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and SDRs 

(c) Foreign-currency assets, loans from the World Bank and SDRs 

(d) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and loans from the World Bank 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Craze for gold in Indians has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (2015)



8th Session of the International Solar Alliance(ISA)

30-10-2025

For Prelims: International Solar Alliance ,  Small Island Developing States, Building-Integrated Photovoltaics, PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

For Mains: India’s renewable energy transition, Role of the International Solar Alliance in promoting South–South cooperation for energy transition.

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

President Droupadi Murmu addressed the 8th Session of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly in New Delhi, urging the Global South to lead an inclusive solar revolution and reaffirming India’s commitment to a solar-powered world.

What are the Key Highlights of the 8th Session of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly?

ISA Reports on Global Solar Trends

What is the International Solar Alliance (ISA)?

How is India Leading the Solar Energy Transition?

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for India’s Solar  Energy Development?

Aspect

Challenges

Opportunities

Import Dependence

India relies on China for over 50% of its solar cells and modules, and its high dependence on critical minerals creates supply chain and energy security risks.

Boost local manufacturing through the PLI scheme and mineral recycling to cut import dependence.




Employment

Job creation limited by import-heavy value chains.

Scaling domestic production can expand green employment.

Land Use Conflicts

Solar projects require vast tracts of land, often competing with agriculture and biodiversity.

Promote agrivoltaics (dual land use) and floating solar projects like Omkareshwar (600 MW) to minimise trade-offs.

Grid and Storage Deficits

Transmission losses and costly storage systems hinder solar integration.

Invest in smart grids, National Logistics Policy, and hybrid (solar-hydro-battery) models for stability.

Manufacturing Gaps

Weak R&D and lack of infrastructure for upstream components (polysilicon, wafers).

Develop full solar manufacturing ecosystem and incentivise research in perovskite & next-gen PV tech.

Solar Waste Management

Lack of recycling norms poses future environmental hazards.

Implement solar recycling guidelines and develop circular economy models (e.g., SUNRISE network).

Energy Demand Growth

Energy demand is projected to reach 73 exajoules by 2050, increasing fossil dependence if unmet.

Scaling solar under schemes like PM-KUSUM, Solar Parks, and ISA cooperation can meet rising demand sustainably.

Conclusion

Guided by the founding vision of “One World, One Sun, One Grid,” India reaffirmed its commitment to ISA’s leadership in advancing global solar cooperation, sustainable innovation, and inclusive energy access.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Critically examine the role of the International Solar Alliance in promoting South–South cooperation for energy transition.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the International Solar Alliance (ISA)?

ISA is a global alliance launched by India and France in 2015  to promote solar energy adoption; it has 125 member and signatory countries and is headquartered in India.

2. What is SUNRISE and why is it important?

SUNRISE (Solar Upcycling Network for Recycling, Innovation & Stakeholder Engagement) is an ISA initiative to develop solar recycling and circularity, reduce end-of-life waste and generate green jobs across the solar value chain.

3. What does One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) aim to achieve?

OSOWOG seeks regional solar interconnections across Asia, Middle East, Europe and Africa to enable cross-border clean power exchange and enhance energy security.

4. Which flagship Indian schemes are being shared internationally via ISA?

India’s people-centric programmes PM-Surya Ghar (rooftop solar) and PM-KUSUM (solarisation of pumps and decentralised systems) are being promoted as replicable models for Africa and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015.
  2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate. (2020)



PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)

30-10-2025

Source:PIB

Why in News?

The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission  ) was launched in October 2021 to address the gaps in India’s healthcare system exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and to enhance preparedness for future health crises.

What is PM-ABHIM?

What are India’s Various Health Care Initiatives?

WHO’s Global Pandemic Agreement 

Conclusion

Four years after its launch, the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission has transformed India’s health landscape by investing in pandemic preparedness, infrastructure modernisation, and disease surveillance. PM-ABHIM serves as a cornerstone of the country’s efforts to build a safer, healthier, and more equitable future for all citizens.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss how the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) enhances India’s health resilience and complements existing national health programs

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. When was PM-ABHIM launched?
It was launched in October 2021 with an allocation of ₹64,180 crore for implementation during 2021–2026.

Q. What is the main objective of the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)?
To strengthen India’s public health infrastructure, improve disease surveillance, and ensure equitable access to affordable, quality healthcare at all levels.

Q. How does PM-ABHIM complement other health initiatives?
It complements the National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat by focusing on infrastructure, research, and pandemic preparedness across rural and urban areas.

Q. What are the major components under PM-ABHIM?
Key components include Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, Block Public Health Units, Integrated Public Health Labs, Critical Care Blocks, and IT-enabled disease surveillance systems

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (2012)

  1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup
  2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
  3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization.
  4. Conducting the delivery of baby

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (2015)



Indi and Puliyankudi Limes

30-10-2025

Source: PIB

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has facilitated the first-ever air shipment of GI-tagged Indi Lime (Karnataka) and Puliyankudi Lime (Tamil Nadu) to the United Kingdom.

Indi Lime (Vijayapura)

Puliyankudi Lime

Read More: India's Geographical Indication Landscape


World Food India 2025

30-09-2025

For Prelims: Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry , Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ,  National Agriculture Market 

For Mains: Food Security and Value Addition, Food processing as an engine for rural employment and MSME growth.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

World Food India 2025, India’s flagship food processing event, aims to position India as a ‘Global Food Hub’. The event concluded with the signing of Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) worth over Rs 1 lakh crore, highlighting investments, innovations, and employment generation across multiple states.

World Food India

World _Food_India World _Food_India_2025

What is the Landscape of the Food Processing Sector in India?

What are the Opportunities and Challenges in the Food Processing Sector in India?

                   Opportunities

          Challenges

  • Expanding Market: The food processing sector is growing rapidly, valued at USD 336 billion in 2023 and projected to double by 2032. 
    • This expansion creates jobs, adds value to agriculture, and strengthens India’s GDP.
  • Infrastructure Gaps and Post-Harvest Losses: India lacks adequate cold chains, storage, and transport facilities, leading to nearly 30% food wastage and annual post-harvest losses of around Rs. 90,000 crore.
  • Urbanisation: Rising urban population and busier lifestyles are pushing demand for ready-to-eat, packaged, and convenience foods, expected to cross Rs. 12 lakh crore by 2025. This opens scope for product diversification and new brands.
  • Technology and Finance Barriers for SMEs: Small and medium enterprises struggle with high costs of modern machinery and limited access to credit. 
    • This reduces their productivity and weakens competitiveness against large firms.
  • Health, Wellness, and Organic Foods: Sustainability is driving demand for organic and plant-based products. The organic market is projected to reach Rs. 75,000 crore by 2025, with consumers increasingly willing to pay a premium.
  • Health, Wellness, and Organic Foods: Sustainability is driving demand for organic and plant-based products. The organic market is projected to reach Rs. 75,000 crore by 2025, with consumers increasingly willing to pay a premium.
  • Technology and Innovation: Adoption of automation, AI, robotics, and smart packaging is transforming efficiency and quality. 
    • The Indian food tech market is expected to touch USD 30 billion by 2024, boosting competitiveness globally.
  • Technology and Innovation: Adoption of automation, AI, robotics, and smart packaging is transforming efficiency and quality. 
    • The Indian food tech market is expected to touch USD 30 billion by 2024, boosting competitiveness globally.
  • MSMEs and Rural Employment: With 63 million MSMEs contributing to 30% of GDP, schemes like PMFME promote local entrepreneurship. 
    • This helps farmers move up the value chain and supports rural livelihoods.
  • MSMEs and Rural Employment: With 63 million MSMEs contributing to 30% of GDP, schemes like PMFME promote local entrepreneurship. 
    • This helps farmers move up the value chain and supports rural livelihoods.

What Measures can Strengthen India’s Food Processing Sector?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  The Indian food processing sector is expanding rapidly, yet its share in global processed food exports remains low. Analyse the reasons and suggest policy measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is World Food India (WFI) 2025?

Ans: It is MoFPI’s flagship event to project India as a Global Food Hub, attracting ₹1 lakh+ crore investments and showcasing farm-to-fork linkages.

2. Why is the food processing sector significant for India?

Ans: It ensures food security, value addition, rural employment, MSME growth, and boosts exports (USD 49.4 bn in 2024–25).

3. Which key government schemes promote food processing?

Ans: PLISFPI, PLISMBP, PMKSY, PMFME, 100% FDI in food processing, and Mega Food Parks.

4. What are the main challenges in India’s food processing industry?

Ans: Post-harvest losses (~₹90,000 crore), infrastructure gaps, credit barriers for SMEs, and low global competitiveness.

5. What measures can strengthen the sector?

Ans: Cluster-based zones, tech-driven supply chains (AI, IoT, blockchain), credit reforms, Codex-aligned quality standards, single-window clearances, and R&D boost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”? (2011)

  1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry.
  2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage.
  3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. What are the challenges and opportunities of the food processing sector in the country? How can the income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (2020)

Q.What are the reasons for the poor acceptance of a cost-effective small processing unit? How can the food processing unit be helpful to uplift the socioeconomic status of poor farmers? (2017)



Crowd Management in India

30-09-2025

For Prelims: Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, NDMA, Disaster Management Act, 2005.                              

For Mains: Disaster management strategies for stampedes, NDMA guidelines, challenges and way forward.

Source: IE 

Why in News?

A campaign rally for a Tamil actor-turned-politician in Karur, Tamil Nadu turned tragic, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries.

What is a Stampede?

What are the Key Causes and Impact of Stampedes in India?

Causes

Impacts

Immediate Triggers (rumors, sudden obstructions)

Stampedes result in sudden fatalities, severe injuries, and psychological trauma, while also generating grief and anger.

Systemic Failures (underestimating crowd size, poor crowd control, lack of preparedness)

These failures erode public trust in authorities, invite repeated scrutiny of safety protocols, and make it harder to implement sustainable reforms.

Behavioral Factors (panic spread, disregard for norms, star power, political influence)

Behavioral triggers cause uncontrolled crowd movement leading to trampling deaths, spark social unrest, and stigmatize mass gatherings or festivals.

Poor Infrastructure (narrow paths, blocked exits, slippery floors)

Increases the risk of falls and chain-reaction stampedes, causes critical injuries, and leads to economic losses as public participation in events declines.

Fatal Stampede Incidence in India

What are the Key Recommendations of NDMA for Crowd Management?

Global Best Practices in Crowd Management

How can Stampedes be Prevented in India?

Conclusion

Stampedes in India are caused by a mix of triggers, systemic failures, behavioral factors, and poor infrastructure, resulting in high human, social, and economic costs. Effective prevention requires NDMA-compliant planning, crowd management, technology use, public awareness, and accountability frameworks to safeguard lives and ensure safer mass gatherings.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the systemic and behavioral factors responsible for stampedes and suggest a multi-pronged strategy for ensuring safety at large public gatherings.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a stampede?

Ans: A stampede is a sudden, uncontrolled rush of people, often triggered by panic, fear, causing compressive asphyxia, hypoxia, and multiple deaths.

What are the main causes of stampedes in India?

Ans: Stampedes arise from immediate triggers, systemic failures, behavioral factors  and poor infrastructure.

What are some global best practices in crowd management?

Ans: Countries like Saudi Arabia, UK, South Korea, and Japan use crowd simulations, AI CCTV monitoring, timed tickets, staggered entry, and multiple exits for safe mass gatherings.

What strategies can India adopt to prevent stampedes?

Ans: India can implement ICT-based crowd monitoring (AI, drones, Wi-Fi heat maps), manage human behavior, build a culture of safety, and strengthen accountability through legislation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains 

Q. Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (2020)



SC Calls for Regulating Social Media

30-08-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Social media, Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000, Section 79(1) of the IT Act, 2000, Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), Article 21

For Mains: Regulation of Social Media in India, Impacts of Social Media on Different Sections of Society.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC), while hearing a case against comedians for derogatory remarks, observed that social media influencers commercialise free speech, cautioning that such content can harm the dignity of vulnerable groups and urging the government to frame effective guidelines to balance free speech with societal sensitivities.

Key Observations & Recommendations of SC

What are the Key Regulations Governing Social Media Usage in India?

Key Legislations:

Key Judicial Pronouncements:

Why is there a Need for Regulating Social Media?

What are the Key Challenges in Regulating Social Media in India?

What Measures Can be Taken to Improve the Credibility and Utility of Social Media in India?

Conclusion

Regulating social media is essential to balance freedom of expression with the dignity and rights of vulnerable groups. A combination of robust legal frameworks, technological solutions, digital literacy, and ethical practices can ensure accountability, curb misinformation, and foster a safe, inclusive, and credible online ecosystem.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the challenges in regulating social media platforms in India, considering the balance between freedom of expression, privacy concerns, and the need for accountability.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question: 

Mains

Q. What are social networking sites and what security implications do these sites present? (2013)

Q. Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children. (2023) 



Civil Society Organizations in India

30-08-2025

For Prelims: Civil Society Organizations, Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

For Mains: Role of Civil Society in strengthening democracy in India, Challenges faced by CSOs and their impact on governance

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have once again come into focus for its role in mobilising communities, protecting rights, and filling gaps in governance. Beyond the state and markets, it drives collective action, ensures citizen participation, and strengthens democracy in India.

What is a Civil Society Organization?

Types_of_ Civil Society Organization

Regulatory Framework for Civil Society in India

What is the Role of Civil Society in a  Democracy?

What are the Challenges of Civil Society in a Democracy?

What Measures can be Adopted to Enhance the Role of CSO?

Conclusion

Civil society remains the heartbeat of participatory democracy, bridging gaps between the state and citizens. Strengthening CSOs is not just about governance, it is about empowering society to shape its own future. A vibrant civil society is the true measure of a resilient democracy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the evolving role of Civil Society Organizations in India and their contribution to participatory democracy.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women's effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. (2023)

Q. How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (2015)

Q. Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. (2015)

Q. Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model. (2021)

Q. In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive? (2024)



Samudrayaan Project

30-08-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Two Indian aquanauts dived into the Atlantic Ocean aboard France’s submersible Nautile as part of preparations for the Samudrayaan Project.

What is the Samudrayaan Project?

Matsya-6000

What is the Deep Ocean Mission?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q: With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2022)

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Q: Consider the following statements: ( 2021)

  1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
  2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
  3. “Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)



CDS Released 3 Joint Doctrines for Armed Forces

30-08-2025

Source: HT

Chief of Defence Staff released 3 joint doctrines for armed forces to enhance integration, interoperability, and operational effectiveness across land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains.

Chief of Defence Staff

Read more:  Inter-Services Organisations Rules 2025



USD 125.8 billion by 2032

30-08-2025

Source: PIB

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has launched Project Aarohan to support the education of children of toll plaza employees.

Project Aarohan

National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)

Read More: National Highways Authority of India 



International Day for Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem

30-07-2025

For Prelims: International Day for Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem, Mangroves, Indian State Forest Report 2023, Sundarbans, MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes), Sustainable Aquaculture In Mangrove Ecosystem (SAIME) initiative.

For Mains: Significance of Mangroves, Challenges Related to Mangroves in India

Source: TH

Why in News?

The  International Day for Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem (26th July) serves as a crucial reminder that these coastal guardians are vanishing 3-5 times faster than global forests.  

International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem 

Fishbone Technique of Mangrove Restoration 

Fishbone _Technique of _Mangrove _Restoration 

What are Mangroves? 

Mangroves_In_India

What is the Significance of Mangroves? 

Mangroves_Carbon_Sequestration 

Mangroves_Benefits

Sundarbans: Ecological Significance, Threats & Conservation Efforts 

What are the Major Threats to Mangroves?  

Mangroves_Threats

Key Initiatives Related to Mangroves Conservation 

Way Forward 

World Nature Conservation Day (28th July) 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the ecological and economic significance of mangroves in the Indian context. Propose a comprehensive strategy for their conservation and sustainable utilisation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest? (2015)

(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh  
(b) South-West Bengal  
(c) Southern Saurashtra  
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands  

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. (2019)



CRISPR Technology for Climate-Resilient Crops

30-06-2025

Source: PIB 

Scientists from the Bose Institute, under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), have developed a novel CR-9ISPR-dCas9-based molecular tool that enhances plant resistance to heat stress and pathogen attacks. 

CRISPR-dCas9-Based Molecular Tool 

Working_of_Smart_Molecular_Tool

Read More: First Successful Use of Customised Base Editing 


Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment

29-12-2025

For Prelims: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment, DPSPs, Fundamental Duties, Air Pollution, Monsoon, Biodiversity Hotspots, Western Ghats, Soil Organic Carbo, E-waste, Articles 48A and 51A(g), Article 14 (Right to Equality), Polluter Pays Principle, UNFCCC.          

For Mains: Different environmental crises in India and various Supreme Court judgments on environmental rights, Key environmental conservation initiatives taken in India and further steps needed to strengthen its conservation in India.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The persistent environmental crisis has reignited debates about constitutional provisions for environmental protection and the need for explicit recognition of the right to a clean and healthy environment.

Summary

What are the Persistent Environmental Crises in India?

Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

How has Environmental Jurisprudence Evolved in India?

Key Environmental Conservation Initiatives Taken in India

What are the Challenges in Solving the Persistent Environmental Crises in India?

What Further Steps are Necessary to Strengthen Environmental Conservation in India?

Conclusion

Recurring environmental crises and sustained judicial activism highlight a serious implementation gap in India’s conservation framework. Establishing a constitutional right to a clean environment, alongside integrated governance, data-driven enforcement, and financial realignment, is essential to shift from reactive responses to systemic ecological sustainability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the role of the Supreme Court in expanding the scope of Article 21 to include environmental protection

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How has Article 21 been linked to environmental protection?
The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to include the right to pollution-free air, water, and a healthy environment.

2. What does the Polluter Pays Principle imply?
It requires polluters to bear the cost of pollution control and environmental damage remediation.

3. Has climate change been recognised as a constitutional issue?
Yes, in M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India (2024), climate change impacts were recognised under Articles 21 and 14.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? (2012) 

  1. Global warming 
  2. Fragmentation of habitat 
  3. Invasion of alien species 
  4. Promotion of vegetarianism 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)

Q. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) 

  1. Automobile exhaust 
  2. Tobacco smoke 
  3. Wood burning 
  4. Using varnished wooden furniture 
  5. Using products made of polyurethane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only   

(b) 2 and 4 only  

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to mitigate such depletion of groundwater? (2025)

Q. Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government’s initiative in this regard. (2024)

Q. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (2021)

Q. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (2020)



Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025

29-11-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Jal Shakti will host the Vision for Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025 in New Delhi, marking a major national effort to create a unified and practical water security framework. 

Read More: India's Blueprint for Clean Drinking Water 


India Advances Quantum Technology

29-11-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

The Union Minister of Science & Technology visited the Quantum Research Laboratories at IIT Bombay and inaugurated the Institute’s new Liquid Helium Facility, marking a major step in India’s quantum science, cryogenicsand advanced materials. 

What are the Key Advancements in India’s Quantum Research? 

What is Quantum Technology? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is Quantum Technology? 
Quantum Technology uses quantum mechanics principles such as superposition, entanglement, and tunneling to perform tasks beyond the capabilities of classical technologies. 

Q. How does the Q-Confocal System contribute to healthcare? 
It detects intracellular changes, including Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), enabling early-stage cancer diagnostics and real-time disease research. 

Q. What is the National Quantum Mission (NQM)?
Launched by the Ministry of Science & Technology (2023–24 to 2030–31), it promotes quantum research, development, and applications across strategic and scientific sectors. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned?(2022)

(a) Cloud Services   

(b) Quantum Computing   

(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies   

(d) Wireless Communication Technologies   

Ans: (b) 



India Plans to Allow Private Sector Participation in Nuclear Energy

29-11-2025

For Prelims: Nuclear SectorSmall Modular ReactorsPrototype Fast Breeder ReactorLight Water Reactors (LWRs)Pressurised Heavy Water ReactorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).      

For Mains: Energy security: role of nuclear power in India’s Net-Zero 2070, Public-private partnerships

Source:BS

Why in News?

The Prime Minister of India announced that the country will soon open its civil nuclear power sector to private players, ahead of the Parliament’s winter session where the Atomic Energy Bill, 2025 will be introduced to expand nuclear capacity and attract private investment.

How can the Private Sector Strengthen India’s Nuclear Power Programme?

India’s Nuclear Energy Landscape 

Nuclear_Energy

What are the Major Barriers to Private Sector Participation in India’s Nuclear Power Sector? 

What Steps Can Enhance India’s Nuclear Power Sector? 

Conclusion

Opening India’s nuclear sector to private players could transform its clean energy landscape, but success will depend on resolving liability issues, clarifying ownership structures, and strengthening the regulatory framework. The Atomic Energy Bill, 2025 marks a major step, but the sector’s future will hinge on how well the policy balances safety, investment, and long-term energy security. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the need for legislative reforms in India’s nuclear sector  to enable private participation while safeguarding safety and liability?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is nuclear energy?
Nuclear energy is the energy released from the nucleus of an atom through fission (splitting) or fusion (combining), with all commercial electricity today produced through fission. 

Q. Which isotope is primarily used as fuel in nuclear reactors?
Most reactors use Uranium-235, a fissile isotope that constitutes less than 1% of natural uranium. 

Q. How does a nuclear power plant produce electricity?
Heat from fission converts water into steam, which spins turbines connected to a generator, producing electricity—similar to thermal power plants but with no CO₂ emissions from operation. 

Q. What is the Nuclear Fuel Cycle?
It is the sequence of industrial processes from uranium mining → enrichment → fuel fabrication → reactor use → spent fuel storage → reprocessing or disposal. 

Q. Why is uranium enrichment necessary?
Natural uranium contains only 0.7% U-235, which is insufficient for sustained fission; enrichment increases U-235 concentration to 3–5% for reactor fuel. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium   

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies   

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises   

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned   

Ans: (b) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically held under the aegis of the United Nations.   
  2. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)

Q. Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of the fast breeder reactor programme in India? (2017)



Operation Sagar Bandhu

29-11-2025

Source:IE

India has initiated Operation Sagar Bandhu to deliver humanitarian assistance to Sri Lanka after Cyclone Ditwah triggered massive floods and landslides. 

Read more: India-Sri Lanka Relations 


Tech-Driven Multilingual Inclusion in India

29-10-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India is advancing toward digital multilingual inclusion by leveraging advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and machine learning.

How is India Integrating Technology with Language Preservation and Digital Inclusion?

What are the National and Institutional Initiatives Supporting Language Preservation and Digital Inclusion?

What is the Broader Impact of Technology-Led Multilingual Platforms?

Conclusion

India’s language preservation efforts are driven by cutting-edge technologies to keep its linguistic heritage vibrant and accessible. Platforms like Bhashini, and BharatGen safeguard cultural diversity while driving inclusive digital growth and global leadership in multilingual innovation.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the role of technology in preserving India’s endangered and tribal languages.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Bhashini?
Bhashini is an AI-driven multilingual translation platform under the National Language Translation Mission (NLTM), implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

2. Which platform focuses on AI-based preservation of tribal languages?
Adi-Vaani, launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, is India’s first AI-driven platform for real-time translation and preservation of tribal languages like Santali, Bhili, and Gondi.

3. What is the role of BharatGen in India’s multilingual ecosystem?
BharatGen develops text-to-text and text-to-speech AI translation models for 22 Scheduled Languages, enhancing accessibility in governance, education, and healthcare.

4. How do initiatives like Anuvadini and e-KUMBH support NEP 2020?
Anuvadini translates technical books into Indian languages, while e-KUMBH provides free multilingual access to educational materials—supporting NEP 2020’s goal of education in the mother tongue.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2021)

1. 21st February is declared to be the International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. 

2. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)

Q. Consider the following languages: (2014)

  1. Gujarati 
  2. Kannada
  3. Telugu

Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government? 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)



United Nations Convention against Cybercrime

29-10-2025

For Prelims: Cybercrime, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, National Crime Records Bureau

For Mains: International law and cyber governance, Transnational cybercrime

Source:IE

Why in News? 

The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC), the world’s first global framework to tackle cybercrime, moved closer to becoming legally binding after 72 of 193 UN member states signed the treaty.

Note: The Convention was opened for signature in Hanoi, Vietnam in October 2025, where 72 countries signed it during the high-level conference. It will enter into force 90 days after 40 countries ratify or accede to it.

What is the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC)?

What is Cybercrime and Cybersecurity?

Cybercrime

Cybersecurity

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for India Under the UN Cybercrime Convention?

Challenges

Opportunities

Conclusion

The UN Cybercrime Treaty marks a major step in global cybersecurity governance, aiming to ensure no country is left defenceless against cybercrime but it also raises critical questions about privacy, human rights, and digital sovereignty.
For India, the challenge lies in adopting a framework that strengthens cyber resilience without compromising individual freedoms.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the objectives and key provisions of the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the UN Cybercrime Convention (UNCC)?
    The UNCC is the first global treaty on cybercrime, adopted by the UNGA in December 2024 to harmonise laws, enable cross-border electronic evidence sharing, and strengthen cooperation and capacity building.
  2. Has India signed the UNCC?
    No, as of October 2025 India did not sign the treaty, citing privacy, data sovereignty and governance concerns despite having participated in drafting.
  3. What are the main cyber threats facing India today?
    Rising cybercrime — including fraud, extortion and sexual exploitation — with a 31.2% increase in cases in 2023 (NCRB), plus large cross-border financial frauds costing billions of rupees.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (b)

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)

  1. Service providers
  2. Data centres
  3. Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



Vaquita Porpoise

29-08-2025

Source: DTE

A new report has highlighted that only about 10 vaquita porpoise, the world’s rarest marine mammal, remain in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez), Mexico

Vaquita Porpoise (Phocoena sinus)

Vaquita Porpoise

Read More: Vaquita Porpoise 




UN Charts New Path for Global AI Governance

29-08-2025

Source: DTE 

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has launched the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance, marking a key step to harness AI benefits while managing its risks.

AI Governance in India

Read more: AI in Public Service Delivery, AI and India’s Legal Landscape



India’s Evolving Counterterror Response Since 26/11 Attacks

28-11-2025

For Prelims: National Security Guard (NSG)Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA)National Investigation Agency (NIA)Multi-Agency Centre (MAC)National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)Territorial WatersCERT-In   

For Mains: Key Changes Made to India's Counter-terrorism Infrastructure Post 26/11 Attack, Limitations Continue to Impede India’s Counter-terrorism Capabilities and Measures can be Taken to Strengthen Counter Terrorism Efforts. 

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The President honoured the soldiers who sacrificed their lives during the 26/11 attack and urged everyone to renew their commitment to fight terrorism in all forms. 

What Major Reforms were Introduced in India’s Counter-terrorism Framework Following the 26/11 Attacks?

Which Key Limitations Continue to Impede India’s Counter-terrorism Capabilities?

What Measures can be Taken to Strengthen Counter-terrorism Efforts? 

Conclusion 

Future counter-terrorism strategies in India must build on post-26/11 reforms by addressing fragmented intelligence, judicial gaps, cyber threats, and manpower shortages. Emphasizing a unified doctrineadvanced technology integration, and stronger international cooperation will create a proactive, resilient, and coordinated counter-terrorism architecture.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the key changes made to India's coastal security architecture post-26/11. To what extent have they addressed the vulnerabilities exposed during the attacks?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. Which major institutional reforms were implemented after 26/11? 
Key reforms included creation/strengthening of the NIA, expansion of coastal surveillance networks, strengthening of the Multi-Agency Centre, NATGRID development, NSG hub decentralisation and state-level special forces (e.g., Force One). 

Q. How does the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) strengthen counter-terrorism? 
NATGRID creates an integrated database for security agencies to share information and track suspects using data from various government sources, enhancing intelligence coordination. 

Q. What persistent lacunae continue to hinder India’s counter-terrorism capacity? 
Persistent issues include intelligence stove-piping, uneven state police capabilities, technological shortfalls in cyber and surveillance, judicial/prosecution weaknesses, and gaps in doctrine and rehabilitation programs. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Mains

Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017) 

Q. Religious indoctrination via digital media has resulted in Indian youth joining ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous to the internal security of our country? (2015) 

Q. Cyber warfare is considered by some defence analysts to be a larger threat than even Al Qaeda or terrorism. What do you understand by Cyber warfare? Outline the cyber threats which India is vulnerable to and bring out the state of the country’s preparedness to deal with the same. (2013)



2nd International Bharat 6G Symposium

28-10-2025

For Prelims: India Mobile Congress, Bharat 6G Alliance, Telecom Technology Development Fund, International Telecommunication Union

For Mains: Bharat 6G Vision and its alignment with Digital India and Viksit Bharat 2047, Challenges in India’s 6G deployment and the roadmap for readiness

Source:PIB

Why in News?

At the India Mobile Congress(IMC) 2025, India highlighted its growing leadership in next-generation telecom through the 2nd International Bharat 6G Symposium, marking a key step towards building a self-reliant, innovative, and globally connected 6G ecosystem for Viksit Bharat 2047.

What are the Key Outcomes of 2nd International Bharat 6G Symposium at IMC 2025?

What is Bharat 6G Vision?

6G (Sixth-Generation)

What are the Challenges Related to 6G Implementation  in India?

What Steps are Needed to Ensure Successful Implementation of India’s 6G Vision?

Conclusion

India’s 6G journey reflects its shift from a technology adopter to a global innovator. With initiatives like the Bharat 6G Alliance, and strong global partnerships, the country is building a secure, inclusive, and future-ready telecom ecosystem paving the way for a self-reliant and digitally empowered Viksit Bharat by 2047.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  India’s 6G Vision aims to position the country as a global co-creator in next-generation telecom. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Bharat 6G Vision 2030?

Launched in 2023, it aims to make India a global leader and co-creator in 6G, focusing on affordability, sustainability, and universal access by 2030.

2. What is the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF)?

Launched in 2022, TTDF funds R&D and indigenous innovation in 5G and 6G technologies to boost rural connectivity and domestic manufacturing.

3. What is the Bharat 6G Alliance?

An industry-led and government-facilitated body uniting telecom operators, academia, startups, and R&D institutions to drive indigenous innovation and develop global 6G standards.

4. What is IMT-2030?

It is the official name for 6G technology designated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the UN agency for ICT standards.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is/are the aims/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centers within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centers. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)



Reclassification of CPSEs

28-10-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Government is planning to revise the classification and performance assessment criteria for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) by introducing two new ‘Ratna’ categories in addition to the existing Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna statuses.

What are the Key Aspects of the CPSEs’ Reclassification?

What are CPSEs? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a CPSE?

A Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) is a company with ≥51% government ownership, incorporated under company law or an Act of Parliament, including its subsidiaries.

2. Who is re-evaluating CPSE classification?

A 10-member committee headed by Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan is reviewing CPSE classification and will submit its report before the Union Budget 2026–27.

3. How does the proposed new 'Ratna' differentiation differ from the existing one?

Unlike the existing categories that depend on financial size and turnover, the new tiers will recognize CPSEs based on their strategic importance to national economic goals in critical sectors.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

 1. It is a Public Limited Government Company.

 2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company.

 Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (c)



Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025

28-10-2025

Source: PIB

The Government of India has announced the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) 2025, the nation’s highest recognition for outstanding contributions in diverse fields of science, technology, and technology-led innovation.

Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar

Read More: Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Awards



Google’s AI C2S-Scale

28-10-2025

Source: IE

Google DeepMind’s AI model Cell2Sentence-Scale 27B (C2S-Scale) produced a new, lab-confirmed hypothesis on cancer cell behavior, marking a breakthrough in AI-driven drug discovery and biological research.

C2S-Scale Model

Google DeepMind

Read More: Artificial Intelligence


Women-Led Economic Growth for Viksit Bharat 2047

28-08-2025

For Prelims: Female labor force participation, Gender budgets, Startup India, Namo Drone Didi, MUDRA loans 

For Mains: Women’s Economic Empowerment and Development, Women's Active Participation in India's Economic Transformation, Key Issues Hindering Women Empowerment in India.

Source:PIB

Why in News?

India’s growth story is shifting, with women driving economic rise through higher workforce participation, entrepreneurship, and access to finance. Empowering them is now central to the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

How Women are Powering India’s Economic Transformation?

Why is Women-Led Development Significant?

What are the Challenges to Women-Led Development in India?

What Measures can India Adopt to Further Mainstream Women in Economic Growth?

Conclusion

Women are becoming the backbone of India’s economy, driving change from rural enterprises to corporate leadership, as Jawaharlal Nehru once said, “The status of a nation can be judged by the condition of its women,” India is progressing toward Viksit Bharat 2047, embodying Nari Shakti.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the role of women-led enterprises and workforce participation in achieving Viksit Bharat 2047. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q.1 “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. (2019) 

Q.2 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (2015) 

Q.3 Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organizations free from gender bias. Comment. (2013)  




Project 17A: INS Himgiri & INS Udaygiri

28-08-2025

Source: IE

Two advanced Project 17A multi-mission stealth frigates, INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri have been commissioned, marking a significant step in India's naval modernization 

Read more: Project 17A Frigate Himgiri



Integrated Air Drop Test for Gaganyaan Mission

28-08-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully conducted its first Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1) for the Gaganyaan mission.  

What is Gaganyaan Mission?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 
(c) 1 and 2  
(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
  2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
  3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (2017)



Financial Conditions Index

28-07-2025

Source: IE 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed a daily-frequency Financial Conditions Index (FCI) to assess India’s financial market health in real-time to aid policymakers and analysts. 

Read More: Role of the Financial Sector in India's Development 



Outlook of Indian Economy

28-07-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Consumer Price Index,  Inflation, Current Account Deficit, Gross fiscal deficit , Foreign Portfolio Investment 

For Mains: State of the Indian economy and macroeconomic indicators, Inflation and fiscal discipline, State finances 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Reserve Bank of India's article titled “State of the Economy” offers a cautiously optimistic view of the Indian economy, amid global and trade-related uncertainties. 

What is India's Present State of the Economy?  

What are the Factors Affecting the Indian Economy at Present? 

Way Forward 

Conclusion 

India needs disciplined, steady, and state-led execution. Balancing welfare with investment, and exports with domestic demand, will be key to turning current challenges into a long-term growth opportunity. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015)

(a) Coal production  

(b) Electricity generation  

(c) Fertilizer production  

(d) Steel production  

Ans: (b) 

Q. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if: (2018)

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.  

(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output  

(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.  

(d) Imports grow faster than exports.  

Ans: (c)  

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because: (2019)

(a) Poverty rates vary from State to State  

(b) Price levels vary from State to State  

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State  

(d) Quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Do you agree that Indian economy has recently experienced V–shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of their answer. (2021)

Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

Q. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017)



Male Mahadeshwara Hills Wildlife Sanctuary

28-06-2025

Source: TOI 

A tigress and her four cubs were found dead in Karnataka’s Male Mahadeshwara Hills (MM Hills) Wildlife Sanctuary, suspected to have been poisoned amid escalating human-wildlife conflict. 

Male Mahadeshwara Hills Wildlife Sanctuary 

Read More: Human-Animal Conflict 


Review of Project Elephant

28-06-2025

Source: IE 

The Union Environment Ministry reviewed key initiatives under Project Elephant (1992) , highlighting the completion of Phase-I of the synchronized elephant population estimation in Northeastern states. 

Key Highlights of Project Elephant Review 

Elephants 

 

Read More: Elephant Poaching in Tamil Nadu 


Impact of Climate Change on Global Food Production

28-06-2025

Source: TH 

A study warns that every 1°C rise in global temperatures will lead to a 4% reduction in per capita calorie availability by 2100, severely impacting staple crops like wheat, rice, maize, and soybean. 

Key Findings 

Read More: Climate Resilient Agriculture 


Nature-based Solutions and their Importance

27-12-2025

For Prelims: UNFCCCAmazon RainforestMangrovesAir PollutionBiodiversityIUCNCBDUNCCDCarbon SequestrationWetlandGreen CorridorUNEPGreen Bonds.         

For Mains: Key facts regarding nature-based solutions, their strategic importance for India, Challenges associated with their implementation and way forward. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Brazil's hosting of UNFCCC COP30 in Belem (inside Amazon rainforest) has brought attention to nature-based solutions (NbS) as critical instruments for tackling global climate change. 

Summary 

What are Nature-based Solutions (NbS)? 

Ecosystem Type 

NbS Intervention 

Climate Impact 

Terrestrial 

Afforestation & Reforestation (e.g., Miyawaki Method in urban areas). 

Carbon sequestration and soil moisture retention. 

Marine/Coastal 

Mangrove Restoration (e.g., India's MISHTI Scheme). 

Coastal protection against cyclones and "Blue Carbon" storage. 

Agricultural 

Agroforestry & Natural Farming (e.g., ZBNF, PM Pranam). 

Improving soil carbon, reducing chemical runoff, and ensuring food security. 

Urban 

Blue-Green Infrastructure (e.g., Restoring urban wetlands like Ennore or Deepor Beel). 

Reducing urban flooding and cooling local temperatures. 

Enhancing Nature-based Solutions for an Accelerated Climate Transformation (ENACT) 

What is the Strategic Importance of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for India? 

What are the Challenges in the Nature-based Solutions (NbS)? 

What are the Pathways to Strengthen Nature-based Solutions (NbS)? 

Conclusion 

"Hosting COP30 in the Amazon has placed Nature-based Solutions (NbS) at the heart of climate action. Initiatives like ENACT offer a science-backed pathway, but success depends on scaling finance, embedding NbS in governance, and fostering inclusive partnerships. As we move forward, 'Nature is not a luxury, but a vital infrastructure. Investing in NbS is an investment in our collective climate insurance.'" 

Drishti Mains Question:

Nature-based solutions are increasingly viewed as a bridge between climate mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Discuss with examples.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are Nature-based Solutions (NbS)? 
NbS are actions to protect, manage, and restore ecosystems to address climate change, disasters, food, and water security, while delivering biodiversity and human well-being benefits. 

2. What is the ENACT Partnership? 
ENACT is a global partnership launched at COP27, hosted by IUCN, to scale up NbS and align climate, biodiversity, and land-degradation actions across the Rio Conventions. 

3. What are the key global targets under ENACT? 
Protect 1 billion vulnerable people, secure 2.4 billion hectares of ecosystems, and enhance carbon sequestration through restoration of carbon-rich terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct? (2017)

  1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.  
  2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.  
  3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.  

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3  

(b) 1 and 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1 only  

Ans: (b)


Mains 

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)



Infrastructure Bonds

27-12-2025

For Prelims: Infrastructure Bonds, Types of Infrastructure Bonds, Infrastructure Bonds different from InvITs

For Mains: Role in infra financing; reducing ALM mismatch; deepening bond market; investor benefits and risks

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

State-run Bank of India (BoI) has raised ₹10,000 crore through infrastructure bonds, witnessing strong investor demand as bids worth over ₹15,300 crore were received against a base issue size of ₹5,000 crore.

Summary 

What are Infrastructure Bonds? 

What are the Different Types of Infrastructure Bonds? 

Why Do Banks Issue Infrastructure Bonds? 

How do they benefit investors? 

What are the Risks Associated with Infra Bonds? 

How are Infrastructure Bonds different from InvITs? 

Aspect 

Infrastructure Bonds 

Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) 

Nature 

Debt instrument (loan given to issuer) 

Trust-based investment vehicle 

Returns 

Fixed interest (coupon) income 

Periodic cash distributions (interest + dividends) 

Risk Level 

Relatively low (especially PSU/government-backed) 

Moderate; depends on project performance 

Tenure 

Long-term (7–20+ years) 

No fixed maturity (market-linked) 

Capital Appreciation 

Limited 

Possible, along with income 

Liquidity 

Limited secondary market liquidity 

Listed InvITs traded on stock exchanges 

Tax Treatment 

Interest is taxable as per slab 

Tax-efficient components (interest, dividend, capital gains taxed differently) 

Regulation 

RBI (for banking norms) and SEBI (for listing/disclosure) 

SEBI (InvIT Regulations, 2014) 

Suitable For 

Risk-averse investors seeking stable income 

Investors seeking higher returns with moderate risk 

FAQs

1. What are infrastructure bonds?
They are long-term bonds issued to fund projects like roads, railways, airports, and power. Investors get fixed interest payments and the principal at maturity.

2. Why do banks issue infrastructure bonds?
They help banks fund long-term infrastructure loans using long-term money. This reduces asset–liability mismatch and also gives some regulatory benefits.

3. How do these bonds benefit investors?
They offer relatively stable and predictable interest income. They also add diversification and exposure to government or PSU-backed issuers.

4. What risks are involved in infrastructure bonds?
Rising interest rates can reduce bond value and selling early may be difficult. There is also default risk and inflation can erode real returns.

5. How are infrastructure bonds different from InvITs?
Infrastructure bonds are debt with fixed returns and limited capital gain. InvITs are market-linked investments with higher liquidity and fluctuating returns.

UPSC Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: Interest income from the deposits in Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) distributed to their investors is exempted from tax, but the dividend is taxable. 

Statement-II: InviTs are recognized as borrowers under the 'Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002'. 

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? 

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-1 

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1 

(c) Statement-1 is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 

(d) Statement-I is incorrect Statement-II is correct 

Ans: d



OMO Purchases and Dollar–Rupee Swap

27-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a dual intervention comprising Open Market Operation (OMO) purchases of government securities and a Dollar-Rupee buy/sell swap auction. 

Summary

What are Open Market Operations (OMOs)? 

What are Rupee–Dollar Swap Operations? 

Why RBI uses Both Together?

Read More: Open Market Operations by RBI 


India’s Iconic Bridges

27-12-2025

Source: PIB 

India has built numerous bridges that are strategic and economic lifelines, connecting regions, navigating difficult terrains, and demonstrating engineering excellence. 

Read More: Infrastructure Development in India 


SURYAKIRAN XIX – 2025

27-11-2025

Source:PIB 

The 19th edition of the India–Nepal joint military exercise, SURYAKIRAN XIX – 2025, was held at Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, to deepen military cooperation. 

India- Nepal Defence Relations 

Nepal

Read more: Building a Resilient India–Nepal Relationship 


Cloud Seeding in Delhi

27-10-2025

For Prelims: Cloud seeding, Particulate matter, Indo-Gangetic Plain,  India Meteorological Department 

For Mains: Science and technology in environmental management, Urban air pollution and sustainable development in India

Source:IE

Why in News?

The Delhi government partnered with IIT-Kanpur to conduct cloud seeding experiments to combat rising post-monsoon air pollution. 

What is Cloud Seeding?

What are the Limitations of Using Cloud Seeding to Curb Air Pollution?

What are the Persistent Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi?

What are the Sustainable Solutions to Delhi’s Air Pollution Crisis?

Conclusion

For India, the priority should remain on sustainable water management, emission reduction, and clean energy adoption, rather than relying on short-term weather engineering solutions.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Cloud seeding offers a temporary fix but not a solution to India’s air pollution crisis. Discuss

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Cloud Seeding?

It is a weather modification technique that disperses substances like silver iodide, potassium iodide, sodium chloride, or dry ice into clouds to enhance precipitation.

2. What is the purpose of the Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme (EMPS) 2024?
To accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and reduce vehicular emissions contributing to urban air pollution.

3. What is the Happy Seeder machine used for?
It enables in-situ management of crop residue by sowing seeds directly into the soil without burning stubble.

4. What is the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)?
It is a set of emergency measures implemented in the Delhi-NCR region to control air pollution based on the severity of air quality levels.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Artificial way of causing rainfall to reduce air pollution makes use of

A. silver iodide and potassium iodide

B. silver nitrate and potassium iodide

C. silver iodide and potassium nitrate

D. silver nitrate and potassium chloride

Ans: A

Q. In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into the stratosphere? (2019)

(a) Creating the artificial rains in some regions 

(b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones 

(c) Reducing the adverse effects of solar wind on the Earth 

(d) Reducing the global warming

Ans: (d)



China’s Wildlife Diplomacy

27-10-2025

Source:  TOI

Golden Snub-nosed Monkey

Read more: Malaysia's Orangutan Diplomacy



Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats

27-09-2025

For Prelims: Digital India, Gram Panchayats, Bhashini, SVAMITVA, BharatNet, Gram Sabha, eGramSwaraj.                              

For Mains: Understanding digital initiatives for Panchayats requires a holistic examination of their necessity, socio-economic impact, benefits, implementation challenges, and the necessary corrective measures.

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) has launched digital reforms for Gram Panchayats, aligned with Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat, to promote transparent, efficient, and inclusive rural governance.

What are the Key Digital Initiatives Related to Gram Panchayats?

Digital_Initiatives_in PRIs

How do Digital Initiatives Enhance the Functioning of Panchayats?

What Factors Limit the Effectiveness of Digital Reforms in Panchayati Raj Institutions?

How can Digital Governance Initiatives be Improved at the Panchayat Level?

Conclusion

Digital initiatives are transforming rural governance by improving transparency and efficiency. Focusing on robust infrastructure, continuous capacity building, and inclusive design can bridge the digital divide and empower Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "Digital tools for Panchayati Raj Institutions promise transformative governance but face significant implementation challenges." Critically examine this statement in the Indian context.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017)

(a) Federalism 

(b) Democratic decentralisation 

(c) Administrative delegation 

(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b)


Q. The fundamental object of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development
  2. Political accountability
  3. Democratic decentralization
  4. Financial mobilization

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q1. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022) 

Q2. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)



WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

27-09-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

India is in the process of ratifying the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, positioning itself as a strong voice for sustainable fishing practices and the protection of small-scale fishers. 

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What is India’s Stance on WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What are India’s Initiatives and Schemes to Promote Sustainable Fisheries?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and ‘Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the (2015)

(a) Food and Agriculture Organization 

(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change 

(c) World Trade Organization  

(d) United Nations Environment Programme 

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (2014)



National Initiative on Water Security

27-09-2025

Source:PIB

The Union Government has launched the National Initiative on Water Security under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005, prioritizing water conservation across rural India

Read more: Water Management: From Scarcity to Sustainability



Climate Change & Workplace Heat Stress Report

27-08-2025

Source: WHO

The World Health Organization (WHO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released a joint report, Climate Change and Workplace Heat Stress, highlighting the escalating global health risks of extreme heat for workers worldwide due to climate change.

Heat- Stress Impact on Workers

Read More: Heat Waves in India 




India at the Forefront of Global Food Security

27-08-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India and the World Food Programme (WFP) signed a Letter of Intent for India to supply fortified rice to vulnerable populations worldwide, using its agricultural surplus to support global food security.

How does India Shape the Global Food Security Landscape?

Food_Security

Food Security Scenario in India

What are India’s Key Food Security Challenges and How can they be Tackled?

           Challenge

            Measures to Tackle It

Decreasing Per capita Food Availability: 510.1 grams per day per person in 1991 to 507.9 grams in 2021.

  • According to the United Nations India ranks second in food wastage globally, following China.
  • In the 2024 Global Hunger Index, India ranks 105th out of the 127 countries.

Improve storage and transportation infrastructure to reduce food waste. Invest in cold chain systems to prevent loss of perishable goods like fruits and dairy.

Rising Vulnerability to Climate Change: Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather reduce crop yields and disrupt supply chains.

Speeding up the implementation of the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Scheme in vulnerable villages. Promote crop diversification and expand drip irrigation to enhance resilience, soil fertility, and yield stability.

Nutritional Challenge: 35.5% of children under age five years are stunted. 67% of children and 57% of women affected by anemia.

  • According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2025, about 12% of India’s population is undernourished.

Fortify foods with essential micronutrients like iron and vitamin B12. Implement iron supplementation programs for women and children.

Public Distribution System (PDS) Issues: 28% of allocated grains failing to reach beneficiaries due to leakage. 

  • Ghost beneficiaries and duplicate ration cards persist despite Aadhaar linkage, with 47 million bogus cards canceled between 2013-2021. 

Implement blockchain and IoT for digital tracking from procurement to distribution. Transform fair price shops into smart shops with biometric and QR code-based quality checks. 

Strengthen One Nation One Ration Card Plan with centralized databases and migration tracking for seasonal migrants.

What is the World Food Programme (WFP)?

Conclusion

India’s efforts to enhance food security contribute directly to SDG 2: Zero Hunger, SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. Through initiatives like fortified rice, climate-resilient agriculture, and improved nutrition programs, India supports both national and global food security.

Related Keywords for Mains

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the four dimensions of food security and assess India’s shift from a food-deficit to a food-surplus nation, highlighting its role in global food security.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)



Favipiravir Shows Promise Against Chandipura Virus (CHPV)

27-06-2025

Source: TH 

The ICMR-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune has identified Favipiravir as a potential therapeutic drug against Chandipura virus (CHPV). In preclinical mouse studies, it showed reduced viral load and improved survival, but the results are preliminary. Further animal model validation is required before progressing to human clinical trials. 

Chandipura Virus (CHPV) 

Favipiravir 

Read More: Chandipura Virus Infection, Antiviral Drug Umifenovir 


India Sends Second Astronaut to Space

27-06-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

India achieves a historic milestone as Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla becomes the second Indian to travel to space, after Rakesh Sharma in 1984, and the first Indian to set foot on the International Space Station (ISS). 

What is the Axiom-4 Mission? 

What is the Significance of the Axiom-4 Mission for India? 

What are the Key Facts Related to the International Space Station (ISS)? 

About_International _Space _Station (ISS)

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. What is the purpose of the US Space Agency’s Themis Mission, which was recently in the news? (2008)

(a) To study the possibility of life on Mars 
(b) To study the satellites of Saturn 
(c) To study the colourful display of high-latitude skies 
(d) To build a space laboratory to study the stellar explosions 

Ans: (c) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO 
  2. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission 
  3. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA 
  4. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)



Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Plant and Fukushima Disaster

26-12-2025

Source: TH 

Nearly 15 years after the Fukushima disaster, Japan plans to restart the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant but the move has triggered protests, with Fukushima survivors warning against renewed nuclear safety risks. 

Note:  As of 2025, India’s nuclear power capacity stands at about 8.18 GW, and the country has set a long-term target of 100 GW by 2047. To accelerate this expansion, the SHANTI Act, 2025 opens nuclear reactor development to private sector participation, marking a major policy shift aimed at mobilising investment, improving efficiency.

Read more: India's Nuclear Energy Roadmap 


ISRO’s Heaviest Launch: BlueBird Block-2

26-12-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

ISRO marked a major milestone by launching its heaviest satellite, BlueBird Block-2 (6,100 kg, by the US firm AST SpaceMobile), using the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) rocket, showcasing India’s strong heavy-lift launch capability. 

Summary 

What is BlueBird Block-2? 

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 

Orbits

What is the LVM3 Launch Vehicle? 

launch_vehicle

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is BlueBird Block-2? 
BlueBird Block-2 is a 6,100 kg commercial satellite by AST SpaceMobile, providing direct-to-mobile 4G/5G connectivity in LEO (160 km to 2,000 km). 

2. What is the significance of LEO? 
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) hosts communication, Earth observation, and navigation satellites, enabling low-latency global connectivity. 

3. What are the stages of the LVM-3 rocket? 
LVM-3 has three stages: S200 solid boosters, L110 liquid-fueled core, and C25 cryogenic upper stage, optimized for heavy-lift missions. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 

(c) 1 and 2 

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a)

Q. In which of the following activities are Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites used? (2015)

  1. Assessment of crop productivity 
  2. Locating groundwater resources 
  3. Mineral exploration 
  4. Telecommunications 
  5. Traffic studies 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 4 and 5 only 

(c) 1 and 2 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (a) 



Shrinking Clusters of India’s Exports

26-12-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of IndiaCredit–Deposit (CD) ratiosUnified Logistics Interface PlatformExport Promotion Capital Goods 

For Mains: Export-led growth and structural transformation in India, Regional imbalance and core–periphery pattern in Indian economy, Employment elasticity of exports and capital deepening. 

Source:TH 

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2024–25 shows that India’s export growth is increasingly concentrated in a few States, raising concerns that exports may now reflect existing regional advantages rather than driving broad-based development. 

Summary 

What does the RBI Reveal About India’s Export Structure? 

India’s Export Landscape 

What are the Challenges Arising from Concentration of Exports in a Few States? 

What Measures can Drive a Sustainable Transformation in India’s Export Sector? 

Conclusion 

India’s export growth now mirrors existing regional strengths rather than driving inclusive development. Rising concentration and capital-intensive exports have weakened job creation and regional convergence. Sustainable transformation requires employment-focused, regionally balanced export policies.

Drishti Mains Question:

“India’s export growth increasingly reflects existing regional strengths rather than driving inclusive development.” Critically examine.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the key export-related finding of the RBI Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2024–25?
It shows that nearly 70% of India’s exports originate from five States, up from about 65% five years ago, indicating rising export concentration.

Q. Which States dominate India’s export basket?
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh together account for the majority of India’s exports.

Q. What does the rising Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) indicate in India’s export structure?
An increasing HHI reflects growing market concentration and a more top-heavy export geography, with lagging regions failing to catch up.

Q. Why is export growth not translating into employment generation?
According to ASI 2022–23, fixed capital grew by ~10.6% while employment rose by only ~7.4%, showing capital deepening and declining labour absorption.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Q1. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if (2018)  

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.  

(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output.  

(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.  

(d) Imports grow faster than exports.  

Ans: (c)

Q2. The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following: (2010)

  1. Development of infrastructure facilities.  
  2. Promotion of investment from foreign sources.  
  3. Promotion of exports of services only.  

Which of the above are the objectives of this Act?

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only   

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a)  

Q3. A “closed economy” is an economy in which (2011)  

(a) the money supply is fully controlled  

(b) deficit financing takes place  

(c) only exports take place  

(d) neither exports or imports take place  

Ans: (d)



Export Landscape

26-12-2025

Source: ET 

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs is proactively addressing complaints regarding innovative dark patterns on e-commerce and digital platforms. These are deceptive design techniques that mislead or trick users into unintended actions, such as making purchases or sharing personal data.  

What are Dark Patterns? 

What is the Regulatory Framework for Dark Patterns in India 

What are the Ethical and Economical Implications of Dark Patterns? 

Way Forward 

Read More: Consumer Protection Rules, 2021 


Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris

26-12-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?  

The Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD) threat has regained attention after space debris damaged China’s Shenzhou-20 capsule. With expanding human spaceflight including Gaganyaan, protecting astronauts from high-velocity debris is now critical.

What are Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD)? 

Protection of Gaganyaan Crew from MMOD 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1.What are Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD)? 
Micrometeoroids are natural high-velocity space particles, while orbital debris consists of defunct human-made objects like satellites and rocket fragments in Earth’s orbit. 

2. Why is MMOD considered dangerous despite the small size of debris?
Due to extreme velocities (up to 72 km/s), even millimetre-sized particles can cause catastrophic damage to spacecraft systems.

3. What is the Kessler Syndrome?
It refers to a collision cascade where debris impacts generate more debris, potentially rendering certain orbits unusable.

4. What global mechanisms exist to manage space debris?
Frameworks include the Outer Space Treaty (1967), Liability Convention (1972), and technical guidelines by Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, adopted by United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, though they are largely non-binding.



The Threat of Digital Tradecraft in Terrorism

26-11-2025

For Prelims: National Investigation AgencyNational Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Digital Tradecraft in Terrorism 

For Mains: Challenges of Rising Digital Tradecraft for India’s Counter-terrorism Efforts, Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The car explosion near Delhi’s Red Fort has exposed the growing threat of digital tradecraft in terrorism. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) investigation shows terror modules are now using encrypted appsanonymous servers, and spy-style digital methods to plan attacks. 

What is Digital Tradecraft in Terrorism? 

What are the Challenges of Rising Digital Tradecraft for India’s Counter-terrorism Efforts? 

What Measures Should India Take to Counter the Rising Threat of Digital Tradecraft in Terrorism? 

Conclusion 

India must move beyond traditional surveillance and build a multi-layered digital counter-terrorism system. Stronger laws, upgraded institutions, advanced cyber-forensics, and deeper international cooperation are essential to counter encrypted, decentralised, and rapidly evolving terror networks. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Analyse how the rise of encrypted and decentralised communication platforms has changed the terrorism threat landscape in India. Suggest reforms to respond effectively.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is ‘digital tradecraft’ in terrorism?
Digital tradecraft refers to use of encrypted apps, private/self-hosted servers, VPNs and spy-style methods (e.g., draft-only emails) to plan, coordinate and conceal terrorist operations. 

Q. Which laws currently regulate encrypted platforms in India?
The Information Technology Act, 2000 (including rules under Section 69A) governs online content and blocking; UAPA addresses terrorist acts — both need updating to explicitly cover decentralised/encrypted tradecraft. 

Q. Why are private/self-hosted servers a challenge for investigators?
Private servers can be configured to hold no metadata and to operate outside standard provider logs, blocking lawful access and making forensic reconstruction difficult even with warrants.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)

(a) China   

(b) Japan   

(c) Russia   

(d) USA   

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. What are India’s internal security challenges? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats.(2023) 

Q. Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat the threats.(2021)  

Q. The banning of ‘Jamaat-e – islaami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs. (2019)



Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)

26-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

The Union Finance Minister formally launched the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT), marking a significant milestone in India’s GST journey. The tribunal is set to streamline dispute resolution  and reinforce trust in India’s indirect tax system.

What is the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)?

Read more: GST 2.0 with Next-generation Reforms

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following items: (2018)  

Cereal grains hulled 

Chicken eggs cooked 

Fish processed and canned 

Newspapers containing advertising material 

Which of the above items is/are exempted under GST (Good and Services Tax)?  

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (c)  

Q. What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’? (2017) 

It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India. 

It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves. 

It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 



India’s SDG 3 Progress

26-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

India has achieved its best-ever position in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Index 2025, ranking 99th out of 167 countries, up from 109 in 2024. The rise reflects progress in infrastructure and basic services

SDG_3_Targets

What is the Status of India’s Progress on SDG 3?

What are the Reasons for Gaps in Achieving SDG 3 Targets?

What Measures Should India Adopt to Enhance SDG 3 Progress?

17_SDGs

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine India’s progress under SDG 3 (“Good Health and Well-being”) and discuss the key challenges in achieving maternal and child health targets by 2030

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Sustainable development is described as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this perspective, inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with which of the following concepts? (2010) 

(a) Social justice and empowerment 

(b) Inclusive Growth 

(c) Globalization 

(d) Carrying capacity 

Ans: (d)

Mains

Q. Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)



Invasive Alien Species

26-08-2025

For Prelims: Invasive Alien Species, Biodiversity, Water hyacinth, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

For Mains: Factors Responsible for Rising Invasive Species, Impact of Invasive Species & Strategies to Mitigate them.

Source: TH

Why in News?

A recent study estimates that the global economic cost of Invasive Alien Species (1960–2022) exceeds USD 2.2 trillion, with management costs underreported up to 16 times

What are Invasive Alien Species?

What are the Key Impacts of Invasive Alien Species?

What are the Initiatives Related to the Management of Invasive Alien Species?

What are the Core Challenges Confronting India in Tackling Invasive Alien Species and the Measures Required?

Challenges

Way Forward / Management Strategies

Underreporting & Lack of Data: Limited centralised databases and fragmented reporting lead to underestimation of ecological and economic costs.

Strengthening Data & Monitoring Systems: Establish a centralised database for invasive species, strengthen data collection, monitoring, scientific documentation, and expenditure tracking.

Resource Constraints: Limited financial and human resources hinder effective surveillance, control, and eradication. 

Allocating Dedicated Resources: Allocate dedicated funding and enhance human resources, ensure surveillance, control, and eradication programs are adequately supported

High Eradication Costs: Large-scale removal of invasive species (e.g., Lantana, Prosopis) requires huge financial and human resources.

Community-Centric Solutions: Adopt cost-effective biological control methods; promote community participation in eradication drives. 

  • For instance, the Kadar tribe of Vazhachal, Kerala, has taken on active restoration of natural forests degraded by invasive alien species.

Policy Gaps: Fragmented coverage under Biodiversity Act, 2002, Wildlife Protection Act, and Plant Quarantine Rules. Weak enforcement of existing biosecurity norms

Institutional and Policy Fortification: 

Ensure effective operationalisation of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 through stricter enforcement, robust institutional coordination, and integration with sectoral policies.

  • Enhance coordination among MoEFCC, State Forest Departments, agricultural universities, and research bodies.
  • Mainstream invasive species management into National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and related biodiversity policies.

Conclusion:

Mitigating Invasive Alien Species requires the three I’s – strong Institutions for enforcement, Integration with biodiversity–climate strategies, and Involvement of communities for sustainable action. Together, these pillars can balance ecological resilience with economic growth.

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the challenges in managing invasive species and suggest strategies and initiatives to mitigate their adverse effects?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments.
  2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.
  3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)



Fertilizer Sector in India

26-08-2025

For Prelims: One Nation One Fertilizer, Nano‑fertilizers, Neem Coated UreaPradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Kendras

For Mains: Fertilizer Sector, Atmanirbhar Bharat & Strategic Sectors.

Source: FE

Why in News? 

A parliamentary committee has urged the government to reclassify the fertilizer sector as ‘strategic’, criticizing its current ‘non-strategic’ status as inconsistent with India’s self-reliance goals under Atmanirbhar Bharat, especially in light of growing import dependency and food security concerns.

What are the Parliamentary Committee Observations and Recommendations on the Fertilizer Sector?

Observations

Recommendations

How Integral are Fertilizers to India's Agriculture and Economy?

How is India’s Fertilizer Sector Evolving Towards Sustainability and Self-Reliance?

What are the Challenges in Categorizing the Fertilizer Sector as ‘Strategic’?

How can India Make its fertilizer Sector Self-Reliant?

NBS subsidy

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Critically examine the need to classify the fertilizer sector as strategic in the context of India’s food security and Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
  2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
  3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Q. Why does the Government of India promote the use of ‘Neem-coated Urea’ in agriculture? (2016)

(a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms.
(b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil.
(c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields.
(d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops.

Ans: (b)



Progress on India’s Climate Targets

26-07-2025

For Prelims: Paris Agreement 2015, Carbon Sink, Monoculture, Climate Finance, Lithium-ion, Sodium-ion, Green Hydrogen, Agroforestry, Miyawaki Forests.                     

For Mains: India’s progress on its climate targets and challenges associated with it. Steps needed to further its climate targets. 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

India has made remarkable progress on its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement 2015, achieving one of its major targets five years ahead of schedule and nearing completion on the other two.  

Note: The Paris Agreement (2015), adopted at COP21, set the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C. COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) served as a key milestone to review and enhance Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), reinforcing the Paris Agreement's implementation. 

What is the Status of India’s Climate Commitments? 

India’s Initiatives to Achieve Climate Targets 

What Concerns are Associated with India’s Climate Targets? 

What Steps can be Taken to Further India’s Climate Target Goals? 

Conclusion 

India has made significant progress on its climate targets, achieving key milestones ahead of schedule. However, structural challenges in generation, sectoral emissions, finance, and forest sustainability persist. Addressing these will require robust policy action, financial support, and technological innovation to ensure long-term climate resilience and equitable energy transition. 

Drishti Mains Question:

India has achieved its non-fossil fuel capacity target ahead of schedule. Critically examine the challenges that still hinder a full energy transition.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question:  

Prelims

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)  

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.  
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.  
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.  

Which of the statements given above are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)

Q. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)  

  1. It is an initiative of the European Union.  
  2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.  
  3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q.1 Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)  

Q.2 ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (2017)



India’s First Tribal Genome Sequencing Project

26-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Gujarat has launched India’s first Tribal Genome Sequencing Project to map the genetic profile of tribal populations 

Gujarat’s Tribal Genome Sequencing Project 

Genome Sequencing 

Gene editing _gene sequencing

Read more: Genome India Project 


MSC Certification for Chilka Lake’s Mud Crab Fishery

26-06-2025

Source: BL

To boost India’s inland fisheries, a joint initiative led by ICAR-CIFRI (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute) and Chilika Development Authority (CDA) aims to secure Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification for Chilika Lake’s mud crab fishery

Chilka_Lake

MSC Certification

State of India’s Fisheries Sector

Read More: Coastal States Fisheries Meet 2025 





DHRUV64 Microprocessor

25-12-2025

Source: TH 

On 15th December, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) announced the launch of DHRUV64, a fully indigenous 64-bit microprocessor developed by C-DAC under the Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP), aimed at strengthening India’s sovereign semiconductor ecosystem. 

DHRUV64 

THEJAS32 was the first India-designed chip DIR-V chip to be fabricated (in Malaysia) and THEJAS64 was the second, manufactured at SCL Mohali. DHRUV64 is the third on this list. 

features_of_dhruv64_processor

Read More: Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge, India’s Semiconductor Ambitions 


Nationwide Implementation of India’s Four Labour Codes

25-11-2025

For Prelims:  Code on Wages, 2019, Industrial Relations Code, 2020, Code on Social Security, 2020, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSH) Code, 2020,

For Mains: India’s Labour Codes: opportunities and challenges, Labour reforms and their role in employment generation and formalisation

Source: IE

Why in News? 

India has announced the implementation of the four Labour Codes  (the Code on Wages, 2019, Industrial Relations Code, 2020, Code on Social Security, 2020, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSH) Code, 2020) replacing 29 earlier labour laws. 

What are the Key Provisions of the Four Labour Codes?

India’s Four Labour Codes 

Labour Code

Major Provisions

The Code of Wages, 2019

  • Universal minimum wage for all workers (organised + unorganised). Wage fixation based on skill, region, working conditions.
  • A statutory floor wage will be set by the government based on living standards with scope for regional variation. States cannot set wages below this.
  • No discrimination in hiring, wages or working conditions on the basis of gender, including transgender identity.
  • Overtime must be paid at least twice the normal wage rate.
  • Employers liable for delayed/non-payment

The Industrial Relations Code, 2020

  • Provide fixed-term employment with equal benefits and gratuity after 1 year.
  • Employers must deposit 15 days’ wages per retrenched worker into their account within 45 days to support re-skilling and re-employment.
  • A union with 51% membership becomes the negotiating body; otherwise, a negotiating council is formed  from unions with at least 20% representation.
  • Mandatory women’s representation in grievance bodies.

The Code on Social Security, 2020

  • Wages now follow a uniform definition covering basic pay, dearness allowance and retaining allowance, with at least 50% of total remuneration counted for calculating social security, gratuity and pension benefits.
  • Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) now applies nationwide. Establishments with fewer than 10 employees may opt in voluntarily, while hazardous occupations and plantations are mandatorily covered.
  • Employee Provident Fund (EPF) inquiries must be initiated within five years and completed within two years (extendable by one), and cases can no longer be reopened suo motu, ensuring time-bound resolution.
  • New definitions are included to add “aggregator,” “gig worker,” and “platform worker” to enable social security coverage.
  • A dedicated Social Security Fund will support unorganised, gig and platform workers with life, health, disability and old-age benefits, financed partly through compounding penalties.
  • Accidents during travel between home and workplace are now deemed employment-related, qualifying for compensation.

The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020

  • The code provisions can apply even to establishments with a single employee if work involves high risk.
  • The definition of inter-state migrant workers now includes those hired directly, through contractors or who move on their own.  They will receive an annual travel allowance, along with portability of ration under Public Distribution System and social security benefits across states.
  • Permits night work for women provided they consent and employers ensure safety.
  • A National Worker Database to be developed for unorganized workers including migrants to improve access to jobs and welfare.
  • Working Hours capped at 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week; overtime paid at double wages with consent.

What is the Need to Reform India’s Labour Laws?

What are the Key Concerns Regarding India’s New Labour Codes?

Constitution and Labour Legislation in India

Right

Relevant Articles

Labour Link

Equality

14–18

Fair wages, non-discrimination based on caste, gender or status

Freedom

19–22

Freedom of association ( trade unions)

Against Exploitation

23–24

Prohibits forced labour, child labour in hazardous work

Life and Personal Liberty

21

Right to dignified work conditions 

Constitutional Remedies

32–35

Public interest Litigation (PIL) used for labour rights enforcement

What Measures are Needed for Effective Implementation of the New Labour Codes?

Conclusion

The new Labour Codes mark a major shift in India’s labour framework, aiming to balance worker welfare with business efficiency. By simplifying compliance, improving safety and ensuring fair wages, the reforms set the foundation for a more transparent, equitable and growth-oriented labour ecosystem that supports both workers and industry.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. India’s consolidated Labour Codes strike a balance between labour welfare and industrial flexibility.” Critically examine.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1.Which body originally recommended consolidation of labour laws?

The Second National Commission on Labour recommended grouping existing labour laws into broad functional codes.

2.What is the Rationale Behind Codification of Existing Labour Laws?

To simplify complex and outdated labour laws into a modern, uniform framework that improves compliance, worker protection and ease of doing business.

3.Do the Labour Codes provide a universal minimum wage?

Yes. The Code on Wages ensures a universal minimum wage for all workers and introduces a floor wage that states cannot set wages below.

4.How are gig and platform workers covered under the reforms?

Gig and platform workers receive statutory recognition under the Social Security Code, with aggregators required to contribute 1–2% of annual turnover (capped at 5% of payouts) towards a welfare fund.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments and lay-offs in factories employing workers?

(a) Central Statistics Office

(b) Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade

(c) Labour Bureau

(d) National Technical Manpower Information System

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Discuss the merits and demerits of the four ‘Labour Codes’ in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard? (2024)



AWS Outage and the Risks of Cloud Centralisation

25-10-2025

For Prelims: Amazon Web Services, Cloud Computing, MeghRaj, National Informatics Centre, National Knowledge Network 

For Mains: Significance of cloud computing for digital governance in India, Risks of centralization in cloud services and systemic vulnerabilities 

 Source: IE 

Why in News?  

 A recent outage at Amazon Web Services (AWS) disrupted over 1,000 global online services, including messaging apps and government portals, highlighting the risks of centralised cloud providers. 

What is Amazon Web Services (AWS)? 

What is Cloud Computing? 

Model 

Definition 

Example 

SaaS (Software as a Service) 

Software delivered over the Internet; no installation or maintenance required. 

Google Docs, Hotmail, Microsoft Office 365 

PaaS (Platform as a Service) 

Platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage apps without managing underlying hardware or OS. 

Google App Engine 

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) 

Virtualized computing resources (servers, storage, networking) provided on-demand. 

Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure 

XaaS (Anything/Everything as a Service) 

Comprehensive model combining multiple cloud services, including software, platforms, and infrastructure. 

Cloud service bundles from major providers 

FaaS (Function as a Service) 

Event-driven serverless computing; runs code only when triggered, no server management required. 

Google Cloud Functions 

 

What is the Significance of Cloud Computing for India? 

How does Cloud Centralisation Risk Digital Sovereignty and Resilience? 

What Measures India can Take to Build Resilient Cloud Infrastructure? 

Conclusion 

Cloud computing powers India’s digital services, but outages like AWS show the risks of centralization. Multi-cloud strategies, domestic data centres, and skilled workforce are key for resilient infrastructure. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Q. Evaluate the challenges and risks associated with centralised cloud providers for critical national infrastructure.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is cloud computing? 

Delivery of IT resources (storage, computing, apps) over the internet without managing physical servers. 

2. What is MeghRaj and its significance in India? 

MeghRaj is India’s national cloud initiative providing scalable Information and Communication Technology  services to government departments, enhancing e-governance and efficient service delivery. 

3. How does cloud computing contribute to financial and social inclusion in India? 

Platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker leverage cloud services to provide accessible, transparent, and scalable services across socio-economic groups. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to "Software as a Service (SaaS)", consider the following statements:  (2022)

  1. SaaS buyers can customise the user interface and can change data fields. 
  2. SaaS users can access their data through their mobile devices. 
  3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are forms of SaaS. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: D 



International Snow Leopard Day

25-10-2025

Source: PIB 

India marked International Snow Leopard Day with the ‘#23for23’ campaign to raise awareness about snow leopard conservation. 

  Read more: Snow Leopard 



https://sarathi.parivahan.gov.in/

25-09-2025

Source: HT  

Why in News?

The Production Gap 2025 report reveals that countries plan to produce more fossil fuels in 2030 than required to limit global warming to 1.5°C (Paris Agreement). It highlights that production plans have increased since 2023, widening the gap between current policies and the actions needed to meet climate goals.

The Production Gap Report 2025

What are the Key Findings of the Production Gap Report 2025?

How can India Balance Fossil Fuel Production with Renewable Energy? 

Mnemonic: GRIDS

India’s Initiatives to Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Conclusion

The Production Gap Report 2025 reveals a dangerous contradiction: despite climate commitments, countries are expanding fossil fuel production, prioritizing short-term energy security and economic growth. This path undermines the Paris Agreement, locks in catastrophic warming, and necessitates an urgent, equitable global transition to clean energy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the reasons behind continued expansion of fossil fuel production despite the Paris Agreement commitments.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2016)

(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East

(b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change

(c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

(d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals

Answer: (b)


Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
  2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)


Mains

Q1. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022) 

Q2. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)



India’s Roadmap for Fusion Power

25-09-2025

For Prelims: Nuclear fusion, Difference between Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission. 

For Mains: Strategic significance of fusion research for India’s technological autonomy, 

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Researchers at the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, proposes a roadmap for India’s fusion power, focusing on the development of the Steady-state Superconducting Tokamak-Bharat (SST-Bharat) reactor, marking a major step in India’s energy strategy.

What is Fusion?

Fusion

FusionvsFission

What is India’s Roadmap for Fusion Power?

Global Advances in Fusion Power

What are the Challenges for India’s Roadmap for Fusion Power?

How can India Ensure Strategic Gains from Investing in Fusion Power R&D?

Conclusion

India’s fusion roadmap is ambitious but cautious, aiming for a 2060 demonstration plant while the UK, US, and China target earlier prototypes. Though costly and uncertain, it could yield valuable technological and strategic gains for India’s energy future.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Fusion power is often described as the ‘holy grail’ of clean energy. Critically analyze the opportunities and challenges of adopting fusion in India’s energy mix. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. The function of heavy water in a nuclear reactor is to (2011)

(a) Slow down the speed of neutrons 

(b) Increase the speed of neutrons 

(c) Cool down the reactor 

(d) Stop the nuclear reaction 

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



India's Tea Industry

25-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

According to the Executive Director of the International Tea Committee, India has the potential to become a global tea superpower, supported by its strong production capacity, large consumption base, and growing export opportunities. 

Current Status of India’s Tea Market

Tea _Producing_Region

What are the Key Facts Regarding Tea?

How can India Ensure the Sustainability of its Tea Industry?

Conclusion

The Indian tea industry stands at a crossroads, balancing its global potential against severe challenges like climate vulnerability and low value realization. Achieving sustainable profitability requires a strategic shift from volume to quality, empowering small growers, and innovating for both export and domestic markets.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the current status and challenges of India’s tea industry and suggest measures for its sustainability.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the "Tea Board" in India, consider the following statements: (2022)

  1. The Tea Board is a statutory body.
  2. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
  3. The Tea Board's Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
  4. The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 3

(b) 2 and 4

(c) 3 and 4

(d) 1 and 4

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed beyond the Darjeeling area. Explain. (2014)



Green Hydrogen

25-08-2025

Source: DTE

Why in News? 

A new report has positioned India as a potential global leader in the green hydrogen economy, with the capacity to capture 10% of the worldwide market and export 10 million tonnes annually by 2030.

What is Green Hydrogen (GH2)? 

Types_of_Hydrogen                    

What are the Key Challenges in India’s Green Hydrogen Ecosystem?  

India’s Green Hydrogen journey is hindered by a CAGE that restricts its scaling potential: 

C – Cost Barrier: Early-stage Green Hydrogen costs nearly $4–4.5/kg, much higher than grey hydrogen, limiting competitiveness. 

A – Access to Capital: High upfront investments in electrolysers and renewable capacity deter private players. 

G – Gaps in Infrastructure: Lack of transport pipelines, storage, and refuelling networks slows adoption. 

E – Economic Viability Issues: Delayed carbon pricing mechanism makes fossil fuel-based hydrogen artificially cheaper, undercutting Green Hydrogen. 

What Measures can India Adopt to Boost Green Hydrogen Adoption?  

To break free from the CAGE, India must step on the POWER pedal: 

P – Pricing Carbon: Accelerating the introduction of a carbon tax/market mechanism to level the field with fossil fuels. 

O – Obligation Mandates: Enforce Green Hydrogen Purchase Obligations in hard-to-abate sectors (steel, fertilisers, refining). 

W – Widen Infrastructure Base: Build electrolyser capacity, storage, transport pipelines, and export corridors with partners like EU, Japan, S. Korea. 

E – Economic Reallocation: Shift subsidies from fossil fuels to GH2, and provide tax incentives & viability gap funding. 

R – Risk Pooling through Demand Aggregation: Create pooled procurement platforms with payment security mechanisms to ensure bankable contracts and competitive pricing. 

Keywords for Mains  

Green_Hydrogen



Palmyra Palm Trees

25-08-2025

Source: DTE

Odisha has restricted the felling of Palmyra palm trees due to their ecological and social benefits. 

Palmyra Palm Tree (Borassus flabellifer) 

Palmyra Palm Tree

Read More: Prioritising Oil Palm Plantation 


Integrated Air Defence Weapon System Under Mission Sudarshan Chakra

25-08-2025

Source: IE 

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the first flight tests of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS), under Mission Sudarshan Chakra. 

Read more:   India’s Advancements in Ballistic and Air Defence Systems 


UN High Commissioner for Refugees

25-08-2025

Source: TH

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has temporarily suspended voluntary repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees from India after arrests of returnees in Sri Lanka. 

Read More: Refugees and Ethics 


Ensuring Balanced Industrial Distribution in India

25-08-2025

For Prelims: India's Industrial Sector, Information technology, Service sector, Production-Linked Incentive, PM Gati Shakti- National Master Plan , Start-up India, Make in India 2.0, Special Economic Zones 

For Mains: Challenges Associated with the Industrial Sector in India, Recent Government Initiatives for Growth of the Industrial Sector

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Standing Committee on Finance (SCoF) has urged the Government to develop an action plan to evenly distribute industries across all States to ensure balanced and equitable economic development. 

Key Observations & Recommendations of SCoF

What are the Key Factors Responsible for Uneven Industrial Growth? 

What are the Key Implications of Industrial Imbalance in India? 

What are the Key Government Initiatives for Boosting Industrial Growth in India? 

What Measures Should be Taken for Ensure Balanced Industrial Growth in India?

Conclusion 

India’s uneven industrial growth arises from historical, geographical, infrastructural, and policy factors. Ensuring balanced industrialisation needs Centre–State coordination, with focus on infrastructure, skill development, fiscal incentives, and cluster-based growth, reducing regional disparities and boosting competitiveness.

Drishti Mains Question:

Industrial imbalance in India has perpetuated regional inequality and fiscal disparities, hindering inclusive growth. Discuss its key implications and suggest policy measures for achieving balanced and equitable industrialisation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015)

(a) Coal production 
(b) Electricity generation  
(c) Fertilizer production  
(d) Steel production 

Ans: (b)


Mains 

Q.1 “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far are the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017) 

Q.2 Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis the industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (2014)



Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India

25-07-2025

For Prelims: World Bank, 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 , Goods and Services Tax, Smart Cities Mission 

For Mains: Urban climate risks and resilience strategies in India, Challenges of urban planning and sustainable development in India 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

A World Bank report, in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, titled "Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India", forecasts that by 2030, Indian cities will generate 70% of new employment but will face risks from flooding and extreme heat, urging the need for greater autonomy and climate-resilient planning. 

What are the Key Climate Risks Impacting Indian Cities? 

Urban_Heat_ Island 

What are the Challenges of Urban Autonomy in Enhancing Climate Resilience? 

What are the Key Strategies for Ensuring Climate Resilience in Indian Cities? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Indian cities are at the frontline of climate change. Discuss the key risks and evaluate India’s approach to building urban climate resilience. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)




ICJ’s Advisory on State Duties for Climate Action

25-07-2025

Source: DTE 

Why in News?  

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a landmark advisory opinion stating that countries can be held legally responsible for their role in driving climate change.  

What is the ICJ’s Stance on State Obligations on Climate Change? 

What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ)? 

Note: The ICJ is separate from the International Criminal Court (ICC), which deals with criminal cases against individuals. 

ICJ_ICC

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the mandate of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its role in climate governance?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following? ( 2018)

A. Amnesty International 

B. International Court of Justice 

C. The Office of the UN Commissioner for Human Rights 

D. World Justice Project 

Ans: (D)


Mains 

Q. Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (2022)



Thirst Waves

25-06-2025

Source: TH

Global warming is making the air thirstier, causing higher evaporative demand that dries out land and plants—a phenomenon called thirst waves.

Thirst Waves

Read More: Heatwaves as a Notified Disaster





State of Climate in Asia 2024 Report

25-06-2025

Source: IE

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released the State of Climate in Asia 2024 report that revealed Asia warmed nearly twice as fast as the global average in 2024, marking its hottest or second-hottest year on record.

Key Findings:

Read More: State of the Global Climate 2023: WMO



Indigenous TnpB-Based Gene Editing Technology

24-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Indian scientists at ICAR’s Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack, have developed a new indigenous genome-editing technology using TnpB proteins, offering a compact, low-cost and IP-free alternative to the globally patented CRISPR-Cas systems.

What is India’s Indigenous TnpB-Based Genome Editing Tool?

What is BIRSA 101?

What is Genome Editing?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is India’s indigenous TnpB-based genome-editing tool?

It is a compact, IP-free genome editor developed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) using TnpB proteins, enabling precise DNA edits in plants without costly CRISPR patents.

2. Why is TnpB considered better for plant genome editing?

TnpB is extremely small (408 amino acids), making it easier to deliver into plant cells and reducing the need for complex tissue-culture steps required for Cas9/Cas12a.

3. What is BIRSA 101 and who developed it?

BIRSA 101 is India’s first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease, developed by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR–IGIB) using the engineered enFnCas9 platform.

4. Why is BIRSA 101 important for India’s tribal communities?

Sickle Cell Disease has a high prevalence among tribal populations, and BIRSA 101 offers a potential one-time curative therapy at low cost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news? (2019)

(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing

(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients

(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant

(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (2021)



Humboldt Penguin

24-11-2025

Source: DD

Chile has reclassified the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) as endangered, reflecting growing concern as the species faces a sharp population decline along its Pacific coastline.

Read more: Humboldt Penguin



UNFCCC COP 30 in Belém, Brazil

24-11-2025

For Prelims: Paris Agreement, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective CapabilitiesKyoto Protocol, Nationally Determined Contributions

For Mains: Significance of COP, India’s stance on equity, climate justice and its demands at COP, India’s climate achievements and policies

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The 30th edition of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC COP30) concluded in Belém, Brazil, with countries formally adopting the Belém Package as the key negotiated outcome.

What are the Key Outcomes of COP30?

How is India Positioning Itself at COP30?

What are the Major Shortcomings from COP30?

UNFCCC’s Conference of the Parties (COP)

Conclusion

COP30 delivered new initiatives but fell short on core demands like fossil fuel phase-out and scaled-up climate finance, reflecting deep divides between developed and developing countries. India used the platform to push equity, climate justice, and finance as obligations rather than pledges. With major decisions deferred, COP31 will be critical to convert commitments into credible action.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Climate finance is not charity but a legal obligation under the Paris Agreement. Discuss India’s stance at COP30 and its implications for climate justice.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the UNFCCC COP and why is it important?

COP is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC where 198 Parties meet annually to review climate progress, negotiate agreements, and update commitments such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

2. What is Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement mentioned at COP30?

Article 9.1 legally obligates developed countries to provide climate finance to developing nations for mitigation and adaptation efforts.

3. What was the major unresolved issue at COP30?

COP30 failed to reach consensus on a roadmap for fossil fuel phase-out, despite strong demand from vulnerable and developing countries.*//8

4. What was India’s main demand on climate finance at COP30?

India, with BASIC and LMDC, demanded full implementation of Article 9.1, a clear definition of climate finance, grant-based and scaled-up support, and mobilisation of USD 1.3 trillion as per the Baku-to-Belém Roadmap.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions

Mains

Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)



Australia’s Northern Rainforests Become Carbon Source

24-10-2025

Source: DTE

Why in News?

A study published in Nature has found that the tropical forests in northeastern Australia are the first globally to shift from being a carbon sink to a net carbon source.

What is a Carbon Sink? 

Carbon_Sink

What is a Carbon Source? 

What are the Consequences of Forests Turning into a Carbon Source and Measures Needed for its Mitigation?

Consequences

Measures Needed

Vicious Feedback Loop: Climate change damages forests, causing tree death and carbon release, which further intensifies climate change via more fires and droughts.

Aggressive Global Emission Cuts: Prioritize deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in fossil fuel emissions and strictly implement enhanced carbon budgets under the Paris Agreement.

Social and Cultural Impacts: Degradation threatens the livelihoods, food, medicine, and culture of Indigenous communities, risking displacement and conflict.

Proactive Forest Management: Implement large-scale strategies like assisted species migration, controlled burns for fuel reduction, and integrated pest management to break the cycle of dieback.

Ecosystem Collapse: Biodiversity loss and extinction risk as forest degradation and a changing climate make areas unsuitable for native species.

Climate-Adaptive Policies: Invest in water-efficient irrigation, promote drought-resistant crops, diversify rural economies, and strengthen public health systems.

Impacts on Human Systems: Endangers water security, agriculture, and food production; causes economic losses and increases public health risks.

Empowerment of Local Communities: Integrate Indigenous knowledge into forest governance, secure land tenure rights, and ensure their active participation in sustainable management.

Conclusion

The shift of forests from carbon sinks to sources signals a critical climate tipping point, creating a vicious feedback loop that accelerates global warming, demanding urgent emission cuts, forest management, and community action.\

Drishti Mains Question: 

Q. What are carbon sinks and carbon sources? Examine the consequences of the transformation of forest ecosystems from sinks to sources and suggest a framework for its mitigation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a carbon sink?
A carbon sink absorbs more CO₂ from the atmosphere than it releases, helping mitigate climate change. Examples include forests, oceans, and soils.

2. What is a carbon source?
A carbon source releases more CO₂ into the atmosphere than it absorbs, contributing to climate change. Examples include fossil fuel burning, wildfires, and deforestation.

3. What are the primary causes of the forest transition from sink to source?
Increased tree mortality due to rising temperatures, droughts, atmospheric dryness (VPD), and cyclones.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q1. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

  1. Contour bunding
  2. Relay cropping
  3. Zero tillage

In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) None of them

Ans: (b)


Q2. In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? (2017)

  1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams
  2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
  3. Subterranean deep saline formations

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)



‘Atomic Stencils’ Enable Precision Design of Nanoparticles

24-10-2025

Source: TH

Researchers have developed an atomic stenciling technique to precisely apply polymer patches onto microscopic gold nanoparticles, allowing unprecedented control over their structure.

Stenciling is a technique for applying a design or pattern to a surface by passing ink, paint, or another medium through a cut-out template (the stencil)

Read More: Nanotechnology



Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025

24-10-2025

 Source:PIB

India has secured the 9th position globally in terms of total forest area, as per the latest Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).  India also retained its 3rd position worldwide in annual forest area gain.

Read More: India State of the Forest Report 2023



Global Innovation Index 2025

24-09-2025

For Prelims: World Intellectual Property Organization, Global Innovation Index, Intellectual Property, Fund of Funds for Startups, National Semiconductor Mission, IndiaAI Mission, Atal Tinkering Labs.                               

For Mains: Performance of India in Global Innovation Index 2025, challenges associated with India’s innovation ecosystem and ways to address them.

Source: ET  

Why in News?

India has climbed to the 38th position among 139 economies in the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025, improving from 48th place in 2020.

Global Innovation Index

What are the Key Highlights of the GII 2025?

What is the Current Status of India’s Innovation Landscape?

What are the Barriers to India’s Innovation Ecosystem?

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen India's Innovation Ecosystem?

Conclusion

India’s innovation ecosystem has advanced significantly, reaching 38th in GII 2025 and topping lower-middle-income economies. While strategic policies have driven this rise, challenges remain in R&D funding, industry-academia collaboration, and private sector investment. Sustaining growth will require increasing GERD, promoting deep-tech, and building synergistic ecosystems to evolve from a startup hub into a global innovation leader.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically evaluate the barriers in India’s innovation ecosystem and suggest reforms to enhance deep-tech research and commercialization.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015) 

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

 Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)



India-US Corn Conundrum

24-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The US has expressed interest in exporting corn to India, but India remains cautious due to GM crop concerns, strong domestic production, and political considerations.

What Prevents India from Importing Corn from the United States?

What are Key Facts Regarding Corn(Maize)?

What are the Key WTO Provisions Enabling Import Restrictions by Countries?

Measure

Description

Key Condition

Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures

Countries can set their own health and safety standards for food, animals, and plants.

Must be science-based, not arbitrarily discriminatory, or a disguised trade restriction.

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

Covers technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessments (e.g., quality standards, labeling, product specifications).

Must not be more trade-restrictive than necessary to meet objectives like national security, consumer protection, or environmental safety.

Safeguard Measures

Allow temporary import restrictions if domestic industry is threatened by a surge in imports (unforeseen development).

Restrictions are temporary, usually require compensation, and do not require unfair trade.

Anti-Dumping

Extra duties on imports sold below normal value, causing domestic industry injury.

Dumping is proven through pricing analysis. A direct causal link exists between dumped imports and economic harm.

Countervailing Duties

Duties on subsidized imports causing domestic industry injury.

These duties are applied only after a thorough investigation confirms that a foreign export subsidy is causing "material injury" to the domestic industry of the importing country

Related Keywords for Mains 

Conclusion

India’s restrictions on U.S. corn imports stem from GM crop bans, tariff barriers, protection of farmers, and ethanol self-reliance goals. While India is the world’s 5th largest maize producer, low yields and rising demand drive occasional imports. Balancing domestic protection and global trade pressures remains a key policy challenge.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the factors restricting corn imports from the United States despite India’s growing maize demand.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol? (2010)

(a) Jatropha

(b) Maize

(c) Pongamia

(d) Sunflower

Ans: (b)


Q. According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (2020)

  1. Cassava
  2. Damaged wheat grains
  3. Groundnut seeds
  4. Horse gram
  5. Rotten potatoes
  6. Sugar beet

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only

(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q.How far is Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in sustaining agricultural production? (2019)



Unified Payments Interface

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) released a note titled Growing Retail Digital Payments: The Value of Interoperability,  emphasizing the role of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in transforming India's digital payment ecosystem. 

What is Unified Payments Interface (UPI)? 

How Has UPI Transformed India’s Digital Payment Ecosystem? 

Digital Foundation Behind UPI 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account. 
  2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’? (2017) 

(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments. 
(b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades. 
(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. 
(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective. 

Ans: (a) 

Q3. Consider the following statements: (2017) 

  1. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) helps in promoting the financial inclusion in the country. 
  2. NPCI has launched RuPay, a card payment scheme. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)



Hornbill Conservation Centre

24-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Tamil Nadu government has announced the establishment of India’s first Centre of Excellence for Hornbill Conservation at the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR). 

Hornbill 

Hornbill

Read More: Anamalai Tiger Reserve 


Bharat NCX 2025

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Bharat NCX 2025, India’s premier national cybersecurity exercise ( 21st July– 1st August, 2025), was inaugurated with the theme ‘Enhancing the Operational Preparedness of Indian Cyberspace’. 

Read More: Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 


Superkilonova

23-12-2025

Source: TH 

The study by an international research team, including scientists from IIT Bombay and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, reports the possible discovery of a superkilonova, a rare and powerful cosmic explosion.

Superkilonova

Read more: String of Pearls Supernova 


Delhi Declaration 2025

23-10-2025

For Prelims: UNFCCCAdaptation, Mitigation, Conference of the Parties 29, Nationally Determined Contributions, Paris Agreement, 

For Mains: Urban Climate Governance.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Delhi Declaration on Local Action for Global Climate Goals, adopted at the ARISE Cities Forum 2025 in New Delhi, is set to be presented at COP30 in Belém, Brazil. It serves as a landmark commitment from cities of the Global South to shape climate action through multilevel governance. 

What is Delhi Declaration 2025? 

ARISE 

Why Urban Climate Governance Matters for India and the Global South? 

What are India’s Initiatives in Urban Climate Governance? 

Conclusion 

As the Delhi Declaration journeys “From Bharat to Belém,” it carries the united message of cities seeking recognition as equal partners in shaping global climate decisions. The ARISE Cities Forum 2025 thus stands as a turning point for urban resilience, showcasing that the path to a sustainable, climate-secure future begins in cities themselves.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the significance of Urban Climate Governance in achieving India’s sustainable development and climate resilience goals.”

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. What is the Delhi Declaration 2025? 
It’s a collective statement from Global South cities promoting inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban climate action ahead of COP30. 

2. Who organised the ARISE Cities Forum 2025? 
The forum was co-hosted by ICLEI South Asia and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). 

3. What is Urban Climate Governance? 
It refers to city-level systems, policies, and collaborations managing mitigation, adaptation, and resilience to climate change. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct? (2017)

  1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
  2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
  3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 

(b) 1 and 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1 only 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2011)

  1. In India, a Metropolitan Planning Committee 
  2. is constituted under the provisions of the Constitution of India.
  3. prepares the draft development plans for metropolitan area.
  4. has the sole responsibility for implementing Government sponsored schemes in the metropolitan area.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Mains: 

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)

Q. With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme.’ (2016)



Himalayan Musk Deer

23-09-2025

Source: DTE

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) reports no captive Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in recognized zoos, indicating no breeding programme has begun despite the 1982 Himalayan Musk Project.

Himalayan Musk Deer

Himalayan_Musk_Deer

Read More: Eastern Swamp Deer



CAG Report on the Fiscal Health of States

23-09-2025

Source:IE

Why in News?

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) released its first decadal analysis on the fiscal health of 28 Indian states, showing that their public debt (internal borrowings plus loans from the Centre) has tripled in 10 years, reaching Rs 59.6 lakh crore in FY 2022-23, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability.

What are the Key Findings of the CAG Report on States’ Fiscal Health?

What are the Reasons for High State Debt in India?

What are the Implications of Rising State Public Debt in India?

How can States Reduce Debt Burden while Maintaining Fiscal Health?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. In the context of rising state debt in India, discuss the importance of strengthening public financial management.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
  2. The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
  3. As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C


Mains:

Q. Public expenditure management is a challenge to the Government of India in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (2019)



Kerala ‘First’ Digitally Literate State in India

23-08-2025

Source: IE 

Kerala has been declared the first fully digitally literate state in India, marking a milestone in bridging the digital divide through the Digi Keralam Project. 

Digital Literacy in India 

Read more: Right to Internet Access and Digital Literacy 


Saltwater Crocodile in Sundarbans

23-08-2025

Source: TH 

As per the State Forest Department's survey, the population of saltwater crocodiles  in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) has increased.

Sundarbans 

Read More: Sundarbans 

Read More: Sundarbans 


Death of Cheetah at Kuno National Park

23-07-2025

Source: TH 

An 8-year-old Namibian female cheetah, Nabha, died at Kuno National Park (KNP) in Madhya Pradesh due to injuries sustained during a likely hunting attempt. 

Cheetah

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


Unique Stellar Chemistry of Star A980

23-06-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

Scientists at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru identified a rare helium-rich star (A980) exhibiting a rare chemical composition, challenging existing models of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis.

What are the Key Facts Related to Star A980?

Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)

What is Stellar Nucleosynthesis?

Click Here to Read: Stellar Nucleosynthesis 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019)

(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’.

Ans: (b)



Risk-Based Deposit Insurance Framework for Banks

22-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved a risk-based deposit insurance premium framework, shifting from the long-standing flat-rate system to a soundness-linked model, which will be effective from the next financial year (FY 2026-27). 

Read more: DICGC Overcharging Commercial Banks 


Pharmacogenomics

22-11-2025

Source: TH

Pharmacogenomics is revolutionizing healthcare by moving away from the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to using an individual's genetic makeup to predict drug response, enhance efficacy, and prevent adverse reactions.

Read More: Genome Sequencing


India’s Digital Public Platforms (DPPs)

22-10-2025

Source: BL 

The RBI Governor highlighted India’s vision to make digital innovations such as UPI and Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP) global public goods, reaffirming the country’s commitment to international collaboration on Digital Public Platforms (DPPs). 

DPPs

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) 


Reforming the PDS in India

22-09-2025

For Prelims: World Bank, Public Distribution System, Food Corporation of India , Poshan Abhiyaan

For Mains: Food Security in India: Public Distribution System (PDS) and reforms, Nutrition and Hidden Hunger

Source:TH

Why in News?

A recent study by Crisil using a ‘thali index’ shows that up to 50% of rural and 20% of urban Indians cannot afford two balanced meals a day, revealing widespread food deprivation.This contrasts with the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Brief, based on the 2024 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey, which claims extreme poverty fell from 16.2% in 2011-12 to 2.3% in 2022-23.

Even with Public Distribution System (PDS) support, food deprivation remained 40% in rural and 10% in urban areas, revealing deeper food insecurity than income-based poverty estimates.

Thali Index

Why is the Need to Restructure the PDS to Promote Equity in Primary Food Consumption?

Poverty Committees in India Based on Consumption

What Challenges Exist in Implementing Nutrition-sensitive PDS?

How can the PDS be Reformed to Ensure Equitable & Nutritious Food Access?

Conclusion

A reformed, nutrition-focused PDS is essential to bridge India’s hidden hunger gap. Strategic targeting, fiscal prudence, and dietary diversity must guide future interventions. Equity in food access is not just about distribution, it's about delivering dignity through nutrition.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite near-universal calorie sufficiency, India faces serious nutritional inequality. Critically examine the need to reform the Public Distribution System (PDS) and propose a brief roadmap for implementation.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)

  1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
  2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
  3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
  4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only

(d) 3 and 4 only 

 Ans: (a)


Q. With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.  
  2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.  
  3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 3 only  

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q: Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)



Silver Economy

22-08-2025

For Prelims: Silver economy, United Nations Population Fund, Atal Pension Yojana, SACRED Portal  

For Mains: Demographic shifts and their socio-economic impact in India, Silver economy significance, and growth drivers in India.

Source: FE 

Why in News?

World Senior Citizen Day is celebrated every year on 21st August to acknowledge the contributions of senior citizens, raise awareness about the challenges they face globally, and highlight the growing importance of the silver economy.

Note: World Senior Citizen Day began in 1988 when US President Reagan designated 21st August to honor seniors and promote supportive policies. 

What is the Silver Economy? 

What are the Challenges in India’s Silver Economy? 

Challenges_in_India’s_Silver_Economy

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen India’s Silver Economy? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

The silver economy presents a significant opportunity for India. Discuss the growth drivers and the challenges in harnessing this potential.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements with reference to Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): (2008)

  1. All persons of 60 years or above belonging to the households below poverty line in rural areas are eligible. 
  2. The Central Assistance under this Scheme is at the rate of `300 per month per beneficiary. Under the Scheme, States have been urged to give matching amounts. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: D 

Mains:

Q. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the policy process. Discuss. (2019)




Need for a National Space Law in India

22-08-2025

For Prelims: National Space DayGaganyaan, Bharat Antariksh Station, Chandrayaan-3, Outer Space Treaty 

For Mains: National Space Policy of India and its implications, Emerging global competition in space exploration

Source:TH 

Why in News?

On 23rd August, India will observe its second National Space Day, highlighting upcoming missions such as Gaganyaan and the Bharat Antariksh Station 

National Space Day 

Why Does India Need a National Space Law? 

Indian Space Policy 2023 

What Challenges Does India's Space Industry Face Without a National Space Law? 

What Measures are Needed to Enhance India’s Space Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s scientific and technological achievements are undeniable, but a national space law is needed to ensure regulatory clarity, attract investment, protect startups, and promote sustainable, globally aligned space development. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Evaluate the importance of a comprehensive national space law for India’s growing space sector. What are the challenges in its absence?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q.1  What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (2019)

Q.2  Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)

Q.3 What is the main task of India’s third mood mission which could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the countries that have achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems in the spacecraft launched and explain the role of the ‘Virtual Launch Control Centre’ at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which contributed to the successful launch from Sriharikota. (2023) 



International Moon Day

22-07-2025

Source: TH 

20th July is observed annually as International Moon Day to mark the historic first human landing on the Moon by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 

MOon 

Apollo 11 Mission 

India’s Lunar Mission 

Chandrayaan-3

Read More: Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) 


Global Wetland Outlook 2025

22-07-2025

For Prelims: Ramsar Convention, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Sustainable Development Goals 

For Mains: Ramsar Convention and India’s commitments, Role of wetlands in achieving SDGs 

Source: DTE 

Why in News?

The Global Wetland Outlook (GWO) 2025, released by the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention (1971), highlights that Africa’s wetlands are among the most degraded in the world 

Note: The Ramsar Convention Secretariat is based in Gland, Switzerland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) supports its operations by providing administrative services to the Convention’s member countries. 

What are the Key Takeaways from Global Wetland Outlook 2025? 

What are Wetlands? 

Wetlands

Ramsar_Convention

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the ecological and economic importance of wetlands. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?(2014) 

(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference   

(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity  within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland   

(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed   

(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’  

Ans: (a)



Threat to Dugong Population in India

21-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

A recent report launched at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi highlights the growing threat to the dugong population in India.

What are Dugongs?

What are the Challenges and Conservation Measures for the Dugong Population?

Challenges

Conservation Measures

Seagrass

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

1: What are dugongs and where are they found in India?

Dugongs are marine mammals found in the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar–Palk Bay, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

2: What are the major threats to the dugong population in India?

Major threats include population decline, pollution, slow reproduction, habitat loss, and climate change.

3: How do dugongs contribute to the ecosystem and economy?

Dugongs maintain seagrass meadows, which support marine life, aid carbon sequestration, and contribute Rs 2 crore annually in fish production.

4: What conservation measures are being implemented to protect dugongs in India?

Conservation measures include protecting seagrass, regulating fishing, community involvement, and increasing research.

5: What is the importance of seagrass for dugong conservation?

Seagrass provides food and habitat for dugongs, stabilizes the seafloor, and supports marine biodiversity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a herbivorous marine animal.
  2. It is found along the entire coast of India.
  3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act; 1972.

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 2 and 3 only

(C) 1 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C



Digital Initiatives to Modernize Public Distribution System (PDS)

21-11-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution has launched a series of digital initiatives aimed at modernizing the Public Distribution System (PDS), improving supply chain efficiency, and enhancing transparency in food storage and logistics.

What are the Digital Initiatives Aimed at Modernizing the PDS?

What is the Public Distribution System (PDS)?

What are the Challenges Concerning PDS in India?

Mnemonic - FAIL

What Reforms are Required to Improve the Efficiency of PDS?

Mnemonic - GROW

Conclusion

The recent digital reforms in PDS mark a significant shift towards a modern, data-driven system. Sustained focus on last-mile delivery and nutritional diversification is crucial for ensuring genuine food security.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. What challenges hinder PDS last-mile delivery, and how can food basket and nutrition reforms enhance food security and reduce malnutrition?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Bhandaran 360?

It is an ERP platform by CWC integrating 41 modules and 35 external systems for real-time warehousing, predictive analytics, and supply chain efficiency.

2. Who are the primary beneficiaries of PDS?

Priority Households (PHH) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) families receive subsidized foodgrains under the National Food Security Act, 2013.

3. How does ASHA improve PDS transparency?

ASHA is an AI-driven feedback system that collects beneficiary grievances via automated calls, performs sentiment analysis, and provides real-time dashboards for decision-making.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme. 
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centers. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)


Q.2 With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidized food grains. 
  2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card. 
  3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q.1 In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)



PMFBY Expansion to Cover Wildlife Damage and Paddy Inundation

21-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has announced that the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) will now cover crop losses due to wild animal attacks and paddy inundation from the Kharif season 2026

What is the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is PMFBY?

PMFBY is a central sector scheme providing financial protection to farmers against crop losses due to natural disasters, pests, and diseases.

2. Who is eligible for PMFBY coverage?

All farmers, including sharecroppers and tenant farmers cultivating notified crops in designated areas, with participation being voluntary.

3. What recent changes are being introduced in PMFBY from Kharif 2026?

Inclusion of wild animal attacks as localised risk and reintroduction of paddy inundation cover to enhance protection for farmers in vulnerable areas.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. With reference to ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana’, consider the following statements: (2016) 

  1. Under this scheme, farmers will have to pay a uniform premium of two percent for any crop they cultivate in any season of the year. 
  2. This scheme covers post-harvest losses arising out of cyclones and unseasonal rains. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b)



SC Recalls Verdict Blocking Retrospective Environmental Clearances

21-11-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Environmental Clearances, Environmental Impact Assessment, PARIVESH

For Mains: Judicial Review and Environmental Governance in India, Precautionary Principle vs. Developmental Imperatives

Source: TH

Why in News? 

In a 2:1 ruling, the Supreme Court of India struck down the 2025 Vanashakti judgment banning ex post facto or retrospective Environmental Clearances (ECs), stating that its continuation would cause “devastating” consequences and put thousands of crores of public investment at risk.

What are Ex Post Facto Environmental Clearances?

Why did the SC Recall the 2025 Vanashakti Judgment on Ex Post Facto Environmental Clearances?

Dissenting View : Justice Ujjal Bhuyan argued that the recall dilutes the precautionary principle and rewards violators, calling ex post facto ECs “an anathema” to environmental jurisprudence and rooted in Article 21 (right to a clean and healthy environment) and Article 51A(g) (duty to protect the natural environment). However, the majority view ultimately prevailed.

SC’s Power to Review its Own Judgments (Article 137)

What is Environmental Clearance (EC) in India?

How can India Effectively Balance Environmental Protection with Developmental Needs?

Conclusion

The recall of the Vanashakti judgment shows the need for a balanced approach that enforces compliance without derailing vital public projects. Going forward, transparent EC processes, strict penalties, and community participation will be key to achieving truly sustainable development.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the role of the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle in India’s environmental jurisprudence.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are ex post facto environmental clearances (ECs)?

Ex post facto ECs are approvals granted after a project has already begun without mandatory prior clearance

2. Which laws govern ECs in India?

Environmental Clearance is governed by the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and EIA Notifications (1994, 2006).

3. What practical reforms can reduce reliance on retrospective clearances?

Streamline prior EC processes, strengthen satellite and digital monitoring (PARIVESH/GIS), mandate environmental restoration bonds, enhance timely public hearings, and enforce strict polluter-pays penalties to deter illegal starts.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission from the President of India.
  2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgment, as the Supreme Court does.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 only 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: C


Mains

Q. Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before the project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal- fired thermal plants located at Pitheads. (2013)

Q. How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (2020)



Tiger Returns to Gujarat After Three Decades

21-11-2025

Source: IE

A tiger has been officially spotted in Gujarat's Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), marking the first confirmed sighting of the species in the state since it was declared extinct in 1989.

Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary

Read More: International Tiger Day 2025



India Pushes Big Cat Conservation at CoP30

21-11-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India, at the High-Level Ministerial Segment on the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) during United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties (CoP30) in Belém, Brazil called for stronger global cooperation to protect big cats. 

Why are Big Cats Important for Climate and Biodiversity?

What are the Key Facts About the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1.What is the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?
IBCA is a multi-country, multi-agency coalition launched by India to conserve seven big cats (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, Puma), promote best practices, provide technical support and mobilise finance for range countries.

2. Which species and how many countries are associated with IBCA?
IBCA covers seven big cat species (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, Puma) and brings together 95 big-cat range countries along with non-range nations, scientific organisations, NGOs and private partners for coordinated conservation action.

3. How do big cats contribute to climate mitigation?
Big cats indicate healthy ecosystems; conserving their habitats preserves forests and grasslands that act as carbon sinks, protect watersheds and enhance ecosystem resilience.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only. 
  2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only. 
  3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Consider the following statements: (2024)

  1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.  
  2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.  
  3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.  

Which of the statements given above are correct ?

(a) 1 and 2 only                         

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only                         

(d) 1, 2 and 2  

Ans: (a)  


Q. Consider the following: (2012)  

  1. Black-necked crane  
  2. Cheetah  
  3. Flying squirrel  
  4. Snow leopard  

Which of the above are naturally found in India? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  

(c) 2 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (b)



Kurinji Bloom

21-10-2025

Source:TH 

The mass flowering of Kurinji after eight years in Tamil Nadu’s newly notified Gudalur Reserve Forest in the Nilgiris signals biodiversity recovery and serves as an indicator of healthy grasslands and changing climate conditions. 

Kurinji

Read more: Neelakurinji Declared as a Threatened Species 


Godavari River

21-07-2025

Source: TH 

Floods in Godavari River have displaced many people in Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh, leading to large-scale evacuations and the establishment of relief camps. 

Godavari River 

Godavari_River

Read More: Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project 



OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034

21-07-2025

For Prelims: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Food and Agriculture Organization, Biofuels, Ethanol 

For Mains: Food Security vs. Biofuel Production, Impact of biofuel policies on food systems, Agricultural productivity  

Source: DTE 

Why in News? 

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034 report, offers a 10-year outlook on global agricultural and fish markets to guide evidence-based policymaking. 

What are the Global Market Trends According to OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034? 

How does the Rising Demand for Biofuels Impact Global Food Security? 

How Can Sustainable Biofuel and Food Security Policies Be Ensured? 

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)  

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss how the rising global demand for biofuels is creating trade-offs between food security.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)    

Prelims

Q. Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol? (2010)

(a) Jatropha    

(b) Maize    

(c) Pongamia    

(d) Sunflower    

Ans: (b)    

Q. According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (2020)

  1. Cassava    
  2. Damaged wheat grains    
  3. Groundnut seeds    
  4. Horse gram    
  5. Rotten potatoes    
  6. Sugar beet    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:    

(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only    

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only    

(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6    

Ans: (a)



Achieving Self-Sufficiency in Pulses

21-06-2025

For Prelims: Pulses, Minimum Support Price (MSP), El Niño, Mission for Self-reliance in Pulses, Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme, Soil Health Cards, PM-AASHA Scheme, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Intercropping, Zero-till Farming. 

For Mains: Trends in India’s pulses production and imports, Issues regarding India’s pulses production and import, Measures needed to achieve self-sufficiency in pulses. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

Farmers are forced to sell pulses in the open market at low prices despite the government’s Minimum Support Price (MSP), due to inadequate procurement.  

What are Key Facts About Pulses? 

Pulses_Producing_States

What are the Key Reasons Behind Low Pulses Production in India? 

What are India’s Initiatives to Boost Pulses Production? 

What Measures are Needed to Achieve Self-Sufficiency in Pulses? 

Conclusion 

India’s pulses sector faces challenges of low MSP procurement, climate vulnerability, and rising imports, hurting farmers despite record production. To achieve self-sufficiency, policy reforms, better procurement, R&D in high-yield varieties, and storage infrastructure are crucial. Balancing imports with domestic incentives can stabilize prices, boost farmer incomes, and ensure food security. 

Drishti Mains Question:

"Despite being the largest producer of pulses, India remains heavily import-dependent." Discuss the key challenges in India’s pulses sector and suggest measures to achieve self-sufficiency.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements: (2020) 

  1. Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crop. 
  2. Green gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production. 
  3. In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 2 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Mains 

Q. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017)





Nothopegia Fossil Leaves

21-06-2025

Source: PIB 

Fossilized leaves of Nothopegia, dated to 24–23 million years ago (late Oligocene epoch), were discovered in Assam’s Makum Coalfield. 

Nothopegia 

Assam’s _Makum _Coalfield

Makum Coalfield 

Read More: World's Oldest Lifeforms 


UNESCO’s Neurotechnology Ethics Framework

20-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

UNESCO issued the first global normative framework on the ethics of neurotechnology, aiming to balance innovation with human rights by protecting the brain and neural data from misuse. 

The move comes as neurotech rapidly expands, offering major medical benefits but also raising concerns about privacy, autonomy, and manipulation.

What is Neurotechnology?

What are Key Risks Associated with Neurotechnology?

What Steps are Needed to Promote the Ethical, Safe, and Responsible use of Neurotechnology?

As per UNESCO Recommendations on Neurotechnology Usage: 

Conclusion

Neurotechnology offers powerful medical and scientific breakthroughs, but its rapid growth demands strong ethical safeguards. UNESCO’s new framework provides a global foundation to protect mental privacy, prevent misuse, and guide responsible innovation. For India and the world, adopting these standards will be crucial to ensuring that neurotech advances human welfare without compromising human rights.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Protecting mental privacy is the next frontier of fundamental rights. Analyse this statement in the context of neurorights.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is neurotechnology?

Neurotechnology refers to tools and procedures that access, assess, or influence the brain and nervous system, including neuroimaging, neurostimulation, neuromodulation, and brain–computer interfaces.

2. What are Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs)?

BCIs are devices that record or interpret brain signals to enable communication or control; they can be invasive (implanted) or non-invasive (external headsets).

3. What are the key techniques used in neurotechnology?

The main techniques are neuroimaging, neurostimulation, neuromodulation, and neurofeedback.

4. What medical benefits does neurotechnology offer?

It enables diagnosis and treatment of conditions like paralysis, epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and speech or movement loss through neural restoration.

5. What is UNESCO’s neurotechnology framework?

UNESCO’s framework is the first global ethical standard for neurotechnology that seeks to protect mental privacy, autonomy and neural data while promoting Responsible Research & Innovation (RRI).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only 

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (b) 


Mains:

Q. What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel the research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation. (2015)



Towards Long-Term Clean-Air Strategy

20-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court India told the Centre that enforcing a perennial Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)  across the year is not practical for the National Capital Region (NCR) air pollution and stressed the need for a long-term pollution strategy.

How Effective is GRAP in Tackling Delhi’s Air Pollution Crisis?

Short-Term Effectiveness

Long-Term Limitations

Supreme Court’s Stance on Enforcing GRAP

Click here to Read: Main Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi During Winters

How did China Deal with its ‘Airpocalypse’?

How is India’s Approach in Tackling Air Pollution Different from China’s?

What Long-term Clean Air Strategies can India Realistically Learn from China?

Conclusion

Delhi’s pollution crisis needs long-term, steady action rather than seasonal curbs like GRAP. India must adapt consistent enforcement, cleaner mobility, and strong accountability to its own needs while protecting livelihoods and ensuring a coordinated, year-round effort.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the measures required to scale up clean mobility in Indian cities and the likely socio-economic impacts.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is GRAP and why is it criticised?

GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan) is a trigger-based set of measures for the NCR activated at high AQI levels; it is criticised for being seasonal and reactive rather than part of a continuous, structural air quality strategy.

2. Why did the Supreme Court reject year-round GRAP?

The Court said a year-round GRAP would impose harsh, prolonged restrictions harming migrant labour, daily wagers and construction workers, and urged a multi-year plan that safeguards livelihoods while reducing pollution.

3. What concrete lessons does China offer for India?

Key lessons include continuous enforcement, strong accountability (linking official performance to air targets), large investments in pollution control, and rapid deployment of electric buses and cleaner heating systems.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)

  1. Carbon dioxide 
  2. Carbon monoxide 
  3. Nitrogen dioxide 
  4. Sulfur dioxide 
  5. Methane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)


Q. Artificial way of causing rainfall to reduce air pollution makes use of

A. silver iodide and potassium iodide

B. silver nitrate and potassium iodide

C. silver iodide and potassium nitrate

D. silver nitrate and potassium chloride

Ans: A


Mains:

Q. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country, but the air pollution is a much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)

Q. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (2021)



WHO's GLASS 2025 Report on AMR

20-11-2025

For Prelims: World Health Organization (WHO), Antibiotics, Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs), Genomic Sequencing, Schedule H1.

For Mains: Key Insights from WHO’s GLASS 2025 Report: Antimicrobial Resistance, Implications, Actions Taken, and Future Measures to Combat AMR.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Report (GLASS) 2025, highlighting that India has one of the highest antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates globally, with 1 in 3 bacterial infections resistant to common antibiotics.

What are the Key Findings of the GLASS 2025 Report?

What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?

What are Driving Factors Behind the Rise of Antimicrobial Resistance in India?

Initiatives Taken to Tackle AMR

India

Global

What Measures can India Take to Curb the Rise of AMR?

Conclusion

India's AMR crisis spans humans, animals, and environment; tackling it requires stewardship, regulation, environmental controls, surveillance, public awareness, and alignment with GLASS and One Health.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is not just a health issue but also an environmental and agricultural one." Elucidate with special reference to India. What robust regulatory measures are needed across these sectors?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the current AMR situation in India according to GLASS 2025?

India has one of the highest AMR rates globally, with one in three bacterial infections resistant to common antibiotics.

2. Which antibiotics are showing rising resistance in India?

Critical "Watch" antibiotics such as carbapenems and fluoroquinolones are increasingly ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens like E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp.

3. What strategies has India implemented to tackle AMR?

National AMR action plans, hospital antibiotic stewardship programs, ICMR surveillance, and bans on inappropriate Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? (2019)

  1. Genetic predisposition of some people
  2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
  3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
  4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseasesin India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (2014)



Efficient Water Management in Agriculture

20-11-2025

For Prelims: National Water Awards, Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Awards, Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari initiative, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things

For Mains: Groundwater depletion, salinity, and irrigation inefficiencies in India, Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society approach in water management

Source: IE

Why in News? 

At the 6th National Water Awards, President Droupadi Murmu urged urgent innovation in agricultural water use, reminding the country that water is a sacred and finite national resource. 

What are the National Water Awards?

What is the Need for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture?

What Innovative Measures Can Support India’s Long-Term Water Security?

Conclusion

India’s water future depends on how wisely and efficiently every drop is used. By combining technology, community leadership and sustainable farming practices, the country can rebuild its fragile water systems. With timely innovation and collective effort, long-term water security can shift from a looming challenge to an achievable reality.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the need for innovation in agricultural water use in the context of India’s groundwater depletion.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the purpose of the National Water Awards?

They recognise innovation and leadership in water conservation, supporting the vision of Jal Samridh Bharat and encouraging efficient water use, recharge and community participation.

2. What  isJal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari initiative?

It promotes large-scale community-led groundwater recharge through the 3Cs model—Community, CSR and Cost—resulting in 35 lakh recharge structures, far exceeding targets.

3. Why does India need innovation in agricultural water use?

Because traditional irrigation causes 40% water loss, groundwater is over-extracted, micro-irrigation adoption is low and climate change is making monsoons unpredictable.

4. What targets were set under the JSJB initiative?

Districts were tasked with 10,000 recharge structures (3,000 in NE/Hilly areas), Municipal Corporations with 10,000, and Urban Local Bodies with at least 2,000 structures.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q1. With reference to ‘Water Credit’, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector.   
  2. It is a global initiative launched under the aegis of the World Health Organization and the World Bank.   
  3. It aims to enable the poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies.   

Which of the statements given above are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)


Q2. What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme’? (2014)  

  1. Prevention of soil runoff  
  2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers  
  3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table  
  4. Regeneration of natural vegetation  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q.1 What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (2020)

Q.2 Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under the depleting scenario. (2020)



Curbing Fake News in India

20-09-2025

For Prelims: Right to information,Article 19, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre

For Mains: Regulatory frameworks for digital media in India, Challenges and implications of fake news for democracy and public order

Source:TH

Why in News?

The Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology in the Parliament has proposed several measures aimed at curbing the spread of ‘fake news’ and misinformation, highlighting the potential harm such content can cause to public order and democratic processes.

What are the Key Recommendations to Curb Fake News?

What is the Need to Curb Fake News?

What are the Challenges in Regulating Fake News?

What are India’s Initiatives to Prevent Spread of Fake News?

What Robust Mechanism can Strengthen Fake News Regulation in India?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine how India can balance freedom of speech and regulation of misinformation in the digital age.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)



NE-SPARKS

20-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Union Minister of Development of North Eastern Region interacted with school students from the North Eastern Region (NER) who participated in the NE-SPARKS program.

NE-SPARKS

Read More: Northeast India From Frontier to Frontrunner



Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

20-08-2025

Source: IE 

Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) will start commercial  Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) production from used cooking oil at its Panipat refinery after ISCC CORSIA (International Sustainability & Carbon Certification for CORSIA) certification, marking India’s first SAF plant and a key step in reducing aviation emissions. 

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) 

ISCC CORSIA Certification 

India’s Roadmap 

Read More: India to Join International Climate Action in Civil Aviation, RUCO initiative 


AH-64E Apache Induction Strengthens India-US Defence Cooperation

19-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Indian Army has received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache Attack helicopters, completing its six-helicopter fleet under the 451 Army Aviation Squadron, based in Jodhpur, Rajasthan 

Read More: Indian Army's AH-64E Apache Helicopter Induction 


SC Calls for Stronger Tiger Conservation Measures

19-11-2025

Source:TH

The Supreme Court of India has directed Uttarakhand to fully restore the Corbett Tiger Reserve after findings of illegal tree-felling and construction, and issued reforms for tiger conservation and management across all States.

Corbett Tiger Reserve

Read more: Corbett Tiger Reserve: Uttarakhand


Women Soldiers to Join Territorial Army Battalions

19-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The Directorate General of Territorial Army has decided to induct women soldiers into Territorial Army (TA) Home & Hearth (H&H) Infantry battalions for the first time, marking a major step in expanding women’s roles in the defence forces.

What is the Territorial Army (TA)?

What is the Significance of Inducting Women into Territorial Army H&H battalions?

Women in Defence Forces

Conclusion

The induction of women soldiers into the Territorial Army's Home & Hearth battalions marks a significant step towards gender inclusion in India's defense forces. This move reflects the ongoing evolution of women’s roles in India's armed forces, paving the way for greater equality and empowerment.

Read more: Women in Indian Armed Forces

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Breaking gender barriers in the armed forces is not only a question of equality, but also operational necessity. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Territorial Army (TA)?

The TA is a part-time voluntary military force under the Territorial Army Act, 1948, that supports and augments the Regular Indian Army while allowing civilians to serve part-time.

2. When is Territorial Army Raising Day celebrated?

Territorial Army Raising Day is observed every year on 9th October, marking its formal inauguration in 1949 by C. Rajagopalachari.

3. Why is induction of women in TA significant?

It expands operational opportunities for women, enhances human resources for internal security and disaster response, and advances gender inclusion in India’s defence forces.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In the context of the Indian defence, what is ‘Dhruv’? (2008)

(a) Aircraft-carrying warship   

(b) Missile-carrying submarine   

(c) Advanced light helicopter   

(d) Intercontinental ballistic missile   

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (2019)



Shaping India’s AI-Driven Economy

19-11-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is set to drive India’s next phase of economic growth, with NITI Aayog estimating that AI could add USD 500–600 billion to GDP by 2030.

What does NITI Aayog Reports Say about AI’s Impact on the Indian Economy??

What Potential does AI Hold for India's Economic Transformation?

What are the Challenges Posed by AI to the Indian Economy?

What Recommendations has NITI Aayog Made for the Sustainable Use of AI in India?

Conclusion

AI offers India a transformative economic opportunity—NITI Aayog estimates USD 500–600 billion GDP boost by 2030—if paired with reskilling, stronger AI education, robust data governance, open-source commons, and national computational infrastructure. Strategic policy, inclusive skilling, and research investments are essential to mitigate job displacement and regional inequality for sustainable growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Artificial Intelligence is a double-edged sword for the Indian economy. Critically analyze this statement and suggest a strategic roadmap for India to become a global leader in inclusive AI.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the projected contribution of AI to India’s GDP by 2030?

NITI Aayog estimates that AI could contribute USD 500-600 billion to India’s GDP by 2030 through productivity and innovation gains.

2. How many jobs could AI create in India by 2031?

AI could generate up to 4 million new jobs by 2031, particularly in tech, customer service, and high-value AI roles.

3. How does AI pose a risk to India's formal job sector?

NITI Aayog highlights a risk of large-scale job displacement, with the IT services workforce potentially shrinking from 7.5-8 million to 6 million by 2031, affecting 60% of formal sector jobs.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
  3. Disease diagnosis
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only  

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)



Kerala Model for Sustainable Urbanisation in India

19-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Kerala is the first State in India to set up an Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) with a 25-year roadmap to manage rapid urbanisation sustainably. 

What are the Key Recommendations of the KUPC Report for Sustainable Urbanisation?

Urbanisation in India

Urban_Development_Initiatives

What Measures Can the Kerala Model Offer for India’s Urban Planning?

Smart Cities Mission

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. India’s urban planning must shift from bureaucratic inertia to participatory and place-based governance. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Mains:

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)



Stubble Burning in India

19-09-2025

For Prelims: Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA), Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Act, 2021, Southwest Monsoon, Volatile Organic Compounds, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, MSP, Biofuel, Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization, Biochar.

For Mains: Impacts of stubble burning, reasons behind it, methods for recycling and reuse, and potential solutions for mitigation.

Source: TH  

Why in News?

To address the Delhi pollution crisis, the Supreme Court directed Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh to fill State Pollution Control Board vacancies within three months and urged the Union Government to impose penal measures against stubble burning.

What is Stubble Burning?

Stubble_Burning_Effects

What are the Challenges in Controlling Stubble Burning in India?

India's Initiatives to Tackle Stubble Burning

What Strategies can India Adopt to Curb Stubble Burning?

Conclusion

Stubble burning remains a significant environmental and health challenge in North India, driven by crop patterns, limited alternatives, and climate variability. Combating it requires a multi-pronged approach, combining technological interventions, financial incentives, regulatory measures, and local innovations to ensure sustainable residue management, reduce air pollution, and protect soil fertility.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the various factors that perpetuate the practice of stubble burning in North-West India despite the availability of technological solutions and government interventions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

  1. Contour bunding 
  2. Relay cropping 
  3. Zero tillage 

In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 3 

(d) None of them 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. What are the major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success, how has this system become bane in India? (2020)

Q. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)



India-AI Impact Summit 2026

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) has revealed the official logo and key flagship initiatives for the India-AI Impact Summit February 2026. This event marks a historic occasion as it is the first time a Global South nation will host the summit.

India-AI Impact Summit 2026

India-AI_Impact_Summit_CHAKRAS

India's_AI_Projects

Read more: India’s AI Revolution



Golden Dome Missile Defense System

19-08-2025

Source: DD

The US has finalized the design of the Golden Dome missile defense system.

Golden Dome Missile Defense System 

Global Missile Defence Systems

System 

Range (km) 

Features 

Iron Dome (Israel) 

70 

Intercepts rockets and drones targeting populated areas; radar-based detection 

S-400 Triumph (Russia) 

400 

Multi-missile system; engages stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, and multiple targets 

Barak-8 (Israel/India) 

70–100 

Land and naval system; 360° protection against aircraft, missiles, and UAVs 

HQ-9 (China) 

125 

Inspired by S-300; intercepts UAVs, aircraft, ballistic and cruise missiles 

Air Defence System

Read More: Strategic Defence Technologies in India 



Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

19-08-2025

Source: TH 

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) in Assam is witnessing significant ecological changes due to native and invasive plant species.

Major Threats: 

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) 

Note: 

Assam national parks

Read More:Concerns Over Drilling in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park 


Rising Cyber Frauds in India

19-07-2025

For Prelims: Cybercrime, Digital arrest, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre, Cyber Swachhta Kendra, Ransomware attack, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. 

For Mains: Current Framework for Cyber Security in India, Key Emerging Cyber Threats Affecting India's Digital Landscape. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), a unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), has reported a sharp surge in financial cyber frauds targeting Indian citizens, primarily originating from Southeast Asian countries. 

What is the State of Financial Cyber Frauds in India as per I4C Analysis? 

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) 

What are Cyber Frauds? 

Cyber Fraud/ Threats 

Description 

Digital Arrests 

Impersonating authorities (police or income tax officers) to extort money. 

Online Job/Task-Based Scams 

Fake work-from-home offers with upfront payments. 

Malware 

Malware is used to steal personal information that allows cyber criminals to gain control of a victim's computer. 

Ransomware 

Ransomware encrypts a victim's files and demands payment for decryption. E.g., WannaCry attack in 2016 

Phishing 

Phishing involves emails that appear to be from trusted sources, tricking users into clicking links that lead to fake websites and attackers gaining sensitive details e.g., credit card numbers.  

Cyberbullying 

Cyberbullying includes any threat to a person’s safety, coercion to say or do anything. 

Cyber Spying 

Cyber Spying targets a public or private entity’s network to gain access to classified data, private information, or intellectual property. 

Business Email Compromise (BEC)  

Scammers hack legitimate email accounts to impersonate suppliers, employees, or tax office members, considered a white-collar crime. 

Dating Hoodwinks 

Hackers use dating websites, chat rooms, and online dating apps to pose as potential partners and gain access to personal data.  

ATM/PoS Frauds 

Skimming card details or unauthorized transactions. 

What are the Key Emerging Cyber Threats Affecting India's Digital Landscape?  

Click Here to Read: Emerging Cyber Threats in India 

What are the Key Initiatives Related to Cybersecurity? 

Cybersecurity 

What Measures Should be Taken to Strengthen Cybersecurity Frameworks in India? 

Conclusion 

The rise of financial cyber frauds in India highlights the urgent need for strengthened cybersecurity measures and enhanced public awareness. While initiatives play a crucial role in combating cyber threats, the evolving nature of cybercrimes demands continuous adaptation of legal, technological, and institutional frameworks. By addressing systemic gaps and fostering digital literacy, India can mitigate the risks associated with cyber fraud and ensure a safer digital ecosystem for its citizens. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

What are the key cybersecurity challenges in India? Suggest comprehensive measures to strengthen India's cybersecurity framework? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)   

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer   
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so   
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion   
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit   

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (b)  

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)   

  1. Service providers   
  2. Data centres   
  3. Body corporate   

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 1 and 2 only   

(c) 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (d)  


Mains 

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



US Lists ‘The Resistance Front’ as Global Terrorist Organization

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India welcomed the US decision to officially designate The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) group. 

Note: After the Pahalgam attack, India launched a diplomatic push urging global action against TRF.  

What is the ‘The Resistance Front’ (TRF)? 

Lashkar-e-Taiba 

Note: UAPA 1967 designates terrorist organizations or individuals, criminalizes terrorist activities, and empowers authorities for investigation and prosecution. 

Prominent India-Centric Terror Organizations in Pakistan 

Name 

About 

Status in India as per the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) 

Along with LET, it was responsible for the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament. 

Banned 

Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI) 

Initially formed to fight the Soviet army, later redirected efforts toward India. It operates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India, seeking annexation of Kashmir into Pakistan. 

Banned 

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) 

Operates mainly from Pak-Occupied Kashmir and some Pakistani cities. 

Banned 

Hizb-ul Mujahideen 

The militant wing of Pakistan’s largest Islamist political party, and is one of the largest and oldest militant groups operating in Jammu and Kashmir. 

Banned 

Al Qaeda 

Operates primarily from former Federally Administered Tribal Areas in  Karachi, and Afghanistan. 

Banned 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims:

Q.‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)  

(a) China   

(b) Japan  

(c) Russia   

(d) USA  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (2019)



Gujarat's Banni Grasslands Ready for Cheetah Reintroduction

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Banni Grasslands in Gujarat, a designated site under Project Cheetah, is now ready for cheetah reintroduction with a 600-hectare enclosure, rising herbivore populations, and necessary infrastructure. 

Banni Grasslands 

Cheetah 

Cheetah

Grassland_of the _World

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


India’s First Digital Nomad Village

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Yakten, a village in Sikkim’s Pakyong district, has been officially declared India’s first digital nomad village under the ‘Nomad Sikkim’ initiative. 

Read More: India's First Organic Fisheries Cluster in Sikkim 


India’s Advancements in Ballistic and Air Defence Systems

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

India has successfully test-fired its indigenously developed ballistic missiles Prithvi-II and Agni-I from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, Odisha. 

Prithvi-II 

Agni-I 

Akash Prime 

Ballistic Missiles 

Read more: Strategic Defence Technologies in India 


Lamarckian Inheritance and Epigenetics Evolution

19-06-2025

Source: TH 

The recent discovery of heritable cold tolerance in rice plants through epigenetic changes marks a historic validation of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory that environmental influences can affect heredity — a concept once dismissed but now supported by modern science. 

Theories_of_Evolution

Read More: eDNA Challenging Genetics Principles 


GDP Base Year Revised to 2022-23

19-06-2025

For Prelims: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Industrial Production (IIP), Consumer Price Index, Base Year, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), MCA-21, UN System of National Accounts (SNA), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, Production Linked Initiative (PLI).                       

For Mains: Key features of GDP base year, Need and challenges related to GDP base year revision, Steps needed to make India's GDP base year revision more reliable. 

Source: IE  

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) announced that the government is revising the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23. The revised data will be released on 27th February 2026 

Note: In June 2024, MoSPI set up a 26-member Advisory Committee on National Accounts Statistics (ACNAS) to decide the base year for GDP data, under the chairmanship of Biswanath Goldar. It also focused on aligning GDP with other key macro indicators such as the WPI, CPI, and IIP.  

What is the GDP Base Year? 

 

What is the Rationale Behind GDP Base Year Revisions? 

What are the Key Challenges in GDP Base Year Revision? 

How to Make India's GDP Base Year Revision More Reliable? 

Conclusion 

India's GDP base year revision to 2022-23 aims to reflect economic transformations post-pandemic and policy reforms. By addressing data gaps, adopting hybrid methodologies, and ensuring transparency, it can enhance reliability. However, challenges like informal sector measurement and corporate data bias must be resolved to maintain credibility and support India's growth aspirations. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Why is revising the GDP base year important for India’s economic policymaking? Discuss the key challenges and suggest measures to improve reliability of GDP estimates.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. A rapid increase in the rate of inflation is sometimes attributed to the “base effect”. What is “base effect”? (2011) 

(a) It is the impact of drastic deficiency in supply due to failure of crops  

(b) It is the impact of the surge in demand due to rapid economic growth  

(c) It is the impact of the price levels of previous years on the calculation of inflation rate  

(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context  

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (2021)





Ultra-Secure Communication Using Quantum Technology

19-06-2025

For Prelims: Quantum Communication, Quantum Computing, National Quantum Mission, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) 

For Mains: Quantum Key Distribution Technology and its Significance Applications of Quantum Technology, National Quantum Mission, Other India’s Initiative in Quantum Computing.  

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Scientists from IIT Delhi and DRDO have successfully demonstrated an ultra-secure communication system using entanglement-based free-space quantum secure communication.  

What are the Key Highlights of DRDO-IIT-Delhi Breakthrough in Quantum Communication? 

What is Quantum Communication and Quantum Entanglement? 

What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)? 

 

What is the National Quantum Mission (NQM)? 

National_Quantum_Mission 

Related Government Initiatives on Quantum Technology 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the key objectives and initiatives under the NQM and their strategic importance for India. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned?

(a) Cloud Services   

(b) Quantum Computing   

(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies   

(d) Wireless Communication Technologies   

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)



Jumping Spider

19-06-2025

Source: TH 

Spartaeus karigiri, a newly discovered jumping spider species from Karnataka, marks the first recorded presence of the Spartaeus and Sonoita genera (part of the Spartaeinae subfamily of Salticidae family) in India, previously known only from Southeast Asia and Africa 

Jumping Spiders (Spartaeus karigiri) 

Spider_Families

Read More: New Genus of Jumping Spiders 


India Joins Global Research on Dolphin–Fisher Mutualism

18-11-2025

Source: TH 

The University of Kerala, in collaboration with international researchers, has launched a multi-year research project (2024–2028) to study the rare cooperative fishing behaviour (mutualism) between Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and artisanal fishers in Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala. 

Ashtamudi Lake 

Mutualism_Examples

SPECIES_INTERACTION

Read More: Addressing Pollution in Ashtamudi Lake 


Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025

18-11-2025

For Prelims: Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal, Data Protection Board, Fundamental Right to Privacy, Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 

For Mains:  DPDP Act, 2023 and DPDP Rules, 2025, Balancing privacy and transparency, Rights of Data Principals in India

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India notified the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025. This marks the full operationalisation of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023. 

What are the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025? 

Core Provisions 

What is the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023? 

What are the Rights and Protections for Citizens under India’s DPDP Framework?

Right / Protection 

Description 

Right to Give or Refuse Consent 

Citizens can allow or deny use of their personal data. Consent must be clear and can be withdrawn anytime. 

Right to Know How Data is Used 

Individuals can ask what data is collected, why it is used and how it is processed, and organisations must provide this information in a simple form. 

Right to Access Personal Data 

Citizens may request a copy of their personal data held by a Data Fiduciary. 

Right to Correct Personal Data 

Individuals can get inaccurate or incomplete data corrected. 

Right to Update Personal Data 

Citizens can update changed details like address or contact number. 

Right to Erase Personal Data 

Individuals can request deletion of their personal data in specific situations, and the Data Fiduciary must act on the request within the allowed timeframe. 

Right to Nominate Another Person 

Individuals can nominate someone to exercise their data rights on their behalf, helpful in cases of illness or other limitations. 

Mandatory 90-Day Response 

Fiduciaries must act on access, correction, update or erasure requests within 90 days. 

Protection During Data Breaches 

Citizens must be informed quickly about breaches, their impact and the steps to take. 

Clear Contact for Queries 

A Data Fiduciary must provide a designated officer or Data Protection Officer for data-related questions. 

Special Protection for Children 

Processing a child’s data requires verifiable parental/guardian consent, except for essential services such as healthcare, education or real-time safety. 

Special Protection for Persons with Disabilities 

A lawful guardian must give consent if a person with a disability cannot make decisions, as per relevant laws. 

Conclusion

The DPDP Act, 2023 and Rules, 2025 create a clear, citizen-focused system for handling personal data, strengthening privacy rights and enforcing organisational accountability. The framework supports a secure, transparent and innovation-friendly digital ecosystem, helping India advance its digital economy while protecting user trust. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss how the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 and the DPDP Rules, 2025 strengthen citizen rights while enabling a secure and innovation-friendly digital economy in India.

Frequently Asked Questions  

Q. What is the purpose of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023?
It establishes India’s legal framework for protecting digital personal data using the SARAL approach and defines duties for organisations handling such data. 

Q. Who are considered Data Fiduciaries and Data Principals under the DPDP Act, 2023?
A Data Fiduciary decides how and why personal data is processed, while a Data Principal is the individual to whom the data relates, including guardians for children and persons with disabilities. 

Q. What powers does the Data Protection Board of India have?
The Board investigates breaches, enforces compliance, orders corrective action and enables digital grievance redressal, with appeals heard by TDSAT. 

Q. How do DPDP and Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 function together?
DPDP amends Section 8(1)(j) of  RTI  Act, 2005 to protect privacy but retains Section 8(2), allowing disclosure when public interest outweighs privacy harm, ensuring harmony between transparency and privacy. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India? (2021) 

(a) Article 15  

(b) Article 19  

(c) Article 21  

(d) Article 29  

Ans: (c)  

Q. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (2018) 

(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.  

(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.  

(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.  

(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.  

Ans: (c)  


Mains 

Q. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (2017) 

Q. Describe the context and salient features of Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. (2024)



Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme

18-10-2025

Source: ET

Why in News? 

The Union Finance Minister of India announced the release of ₹3,791.1 crore to States and Union Territories under the Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM-FME) Scheme. 

What is the PM-FME Scheme? 

What are the Other Key Government Initiatives Related to the Food Processing Sector? 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the PM-FME Scheme?
A scheme launched in 2020 to formalize micro food enterprises, promote local products, enhance rural income, and integrate entrepreneurs into the formal economy.

2. What support does PM-FME provide?
Provides capital subsidies, grants, seed funding, training, branding, marketing, common infrastructure, and R&D support to individual units, FPOs, cooperatives, and SHGs.

3. What is the ODOP approach?
Each district focuses on one key product, promoting cluster-based processing, storage, branding, market linkages, and aligning with India’s Agriculture Export Policy.

4. What challenges does the sector face?
Infrastructure gaps, limited finance access, and weak quality standards hinder growth, export potential, and competitiveness of India’s food processing industry. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”? (2011)

  1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry. 
  2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage. 
  3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs. 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 1 and 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 



GPS Spoofing

18-10-2025

Source: ET

An Air India flight operating from Vienna to Delhi was forced to divert after a suspected GPS signal spoofing over the Middle East disrupted its navigation. The spoofing of signals caused severe degradation of the aircraft’s flight control systems, including failures in autopilot, autothrust, flight director, and autoland functions. 

GPS_Spoofing

Read more: Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 


Startup India Revolution

18-09-2025

For Prelims: Startup India, Digital India, Aadhaar, UPI, BharatNet, Fund of Funds for Startups,  iDEX, ADITIIntellectual Property Rights, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, Skill India.                              

For Mains: Role of Startup India in transformation of Indian economy, associated challenges and way forward.

Source: ET  

Why in News?

The Startup India initiative has been instrumental in transforming India’s innovation ecosystem, fostering the growth of numerous startups.

How has Startup India Transformed India’s Innovation Ecosystem?

What is the Startup India Initiative?

Core Features:

Features_of_Startup_India

Startup_Growth

What are the Key Challenges Facing India’s Startup Ecosystem?

What Measures are Needed to Strengthen India’s Startup Ecosystem?

Conclusion

India’s startup story is a civilizational reset of confidence. The journey from Startup India to Unicorn Nation captures the essence of a new India: bold, innovative, and globally ambitious. Startup India has transformed India from a job-seeker to a job-creator economy, driving innovation, unicorn growth, and employment across sectors like FinTech, SpaceTech, and DefenceTech, supported by tax incentives, funding, skill development, and decentralized ecosystems for long-term success.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. While the unicorn boom showcases success, India's startup ecosystem faces significant challenges in funding and regulation. Discuss the measures needed to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.

UPSC Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims  

Q. What does venture capital mean? (2014)

(a) A short-term capital provided to industries  

(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs  

(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses  

(d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries  

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)



Mitigating Flood and Landslide Risks

18-09-2025

For Prelims: Monsoon, Himalayas, Cloudbursts, Moraines, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods.                           

For Mains: Factors Contributing to Flood and Landslide Vulnerability in Hilly Areas and Measures for Mitigation.

Source: IE  

Why in News?

The current monsoon has brought unusually intense rainfall to hilly states such as Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, exacerbating the incidence of landslides and pushing river systems to perilous levels, thereby heightening risks to both lives and infrastructure.

What Factors Increase the Vulnerability of Hilly Regions to Floods and Landslides?

How does Climate Change Increase Flood and Landslide Vulnerability?

NDMA Guidelines on Flood Management

NDMA Guidelines on Landslides

What Measures can be Adopted to Mitigate the Vulnerability of Regions to Floods and Landslides?

Conclusion

Hilly regions are inherently vulnerable due to steep slopes and fragile geology. However, human activities like unsustainable construction and deforestation have severely amplified this risk. Effective mitigation requires an integrated approach, aligning with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–30), by combining stringent land-use policies, ecological restoration, engineering solutions, and community-based early warning systems.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically analyse how geological fragility and human activities contribute to hydrometeorological disasters in Hilly Areas.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Mains

Q. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (2021) 

Q. The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides.” Discuss the causes and suggest suitable measures of mitigation. (2016)



Major Announcements on India’s 79th Independence Day

18-08-2025

Source: HT  

On India’s 79th Independence Day, Prime Minister announced key initiatives to drive the nation toward developed status by 2047. 

Major Announcements 

Read more: Red Fort: Venue for the India’s Independence Day Celebration 



SRVAs and Internationalization of Rupee

18-08-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Special Rupee Vostro Accounts,  Treasury Bills, G-secs, Unified Payments Interface 

For Mains: Internationalization of Indian Currency benefits and challenges, Growth & Development

Source: BL

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has allowed non-residents holding Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs) to invest surplus balances in government securities, while also removing prior approval for banks to open SRVAs, these steps aimed at boosting rupee trade and internationalising the Indian Rupee.

What are Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs)?

Vostro_Nostro

What is Internationalization of Rupee? 

Internationalisation_of_Rupee

What are the Challenges in the Internationalisation of Rupee? 

Major Steps Taken for Internationalisation of Rupee 

What are RBI’s Recommendations for  Internationalisation of Rupee? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Internationalisation of the rupee reduces dollar dependence but risks external shocks. How can India strike a balance between ambition and stability?

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims:

Q. Convertibility of rupee implies (2015)

(a) being able to convert rupee notes into gold  
(b) allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces  
(c) freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa  
(d) developing an international market for currencies in India  

Ans: (c) 



Black Hole Merger

18-07-2025

Source: TH  

Why in News?  

An international team of scientists has detected the most massive black hole merger ever observed. The event, named GW231123, was observed by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) collaboration, which forms the Gravitational Wave Network. 

What is a Black Hole Merger? 

Gravitational Wave Network 

Note: India in collaboration with the US is building the third detector of LIGO, which will be known as LIGO-India. 

Black_Hole

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019)

(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected. 
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected. 
(c) Possibility of intergalactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed. 
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’ 

Ans: (b) 

Q. What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project? (2017)

(a) To detect neutrinos 
(b) To detect gravitational waves 
(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system 
(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems 

Ans: (b)



Noise Effect on Quantum Entanglement

18-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Scientists from Raman Research Institute (RRI), IISc Bangalore, IISER Kolkata have found that quantum noise can sometimes enhance, revive, or even create entanglement, challenging earlier beliefs that it only disrupts quantum systems. 

Quantum Entanglement 

Intraparticle_and_Interparticle_entanglement

Quantum Noise 

Noise Effects on Entanglement 

National_quantum_mission

Read More: Quantum Entanglement, Ultra-Secure Communication Using Quantum Technology   


Just Transition in the Global Plastics Treaty

18-07-2025

For Prelims: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, India Plastics Pact, Project REPLAN , GoLitter Partnerships Project  

For Mains: Just Transition, Environmental Governance and Multilateral Agreements, Inclusive Development and Vulnerable Sections 

Source:DTE 

Why in News?  

The negotiations for the Global Plastics Treaty initiated under the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolution 5/14 (March 2022), have brought attention to the need for a Just Transition ensuring that efforts to end plastic pollution are both environmentally sustainable and socially fair. 

Note: The INC, set up by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) under the UNEA resolution 5/14, is tasked with creating a legally binding treaty to tackle plastic pollution across its full life cycle.  

Why is the Inclusion of 'Just Transition' Critical in the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Where do Countries Stand on Just Transition in the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Global Plastic Pollution 

Plastic Pollution in India 

What Should be the Roadmap for Operationalizing Just Transition within the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of integrating 'Just Transition' into the Global Plastics Treaty. How can it address both environmental and social inequalities?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2016)

 

Terms sometimes seen in the news 

Their origin 

1. 

Annex-I Countries 

Cartagena Protocol 

2. 

Certified Emissions Reductions 

Nagoya Protocol 

3. 

Clean Development Mechanism 

Kyoto Protocol 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998   
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999   
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011   
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011   

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018) 



Tea Board of India

18-06-2025

Source: BL 

The Tea Board of India has amended the pan-India auction rules under the Bharat Auction model, based on key recommendations of the Ramaseshan Committee, aiming to enhance price discovery and protect seller interests in the tea sector. 

Key Agricultural Boards in India:  

Board 

Constituted Under 

Headquarters 

Tea Board 

Tea Act, 1953 

Kolkata 

Coffee Board 

Coffee Act, 1942 

Bangalore 

Rubber Board 

Rubber Act, 1947 

Kottayam, Kerala 

Spices Board 

Spices Board Act, 1986 

Kochi, Kerala 

Tobacco Board 

Tobacco Board Act, 1975 

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 

National Turmeric Board 

Not a statutory body 

Nizamabad, Telangana 

Makhana Board 

- 

Bihar (Proposed) 

Read More: Need of Reforms in Tea Industry 




India’s Strategic Turn to Free Trade Agreements

17-12-2025

For Prelims: Free Trade AgreementsWorld Trade OrganizationEconomic Cooperation and Trade AgreementComprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement 

For Mains: India’s evolving trade policy in a multipolar world, Role of FTAs in India’s foreign policy and geopolitics

Source:IE 

Why in News?

India is currently accelerating its pursuit of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with a wide range of countries like New Zealand, Russia and Oman, even though past FTAs delivered modest trade gains.  

Summary 

What are the Reasons Behind India’s Renewed Emphasis on FTAs?

Free Trade Agreements

What are the Concerns Accompany India’s Expanding Network of in Free Trade Agreements?

What Should be India’s Policy Approach to Enhance the Effectiveness of Its FTA Strategy?

Conclusion 

India’s renewed emphasis on FTAs is less about expanding trade volumes and more about navigating a fragmented global order. As multilateralism weakens and geopolitics dominates economics, FTAs have evolved into tools of strategic alignment, diplomatic insurance, and supply-chain security. In this emerging order, strategic logic—rather than pure economic efficiency—will increasingly drive India’s trade policy. 

Drishti Mains Question:

India’s recent surge in Free Trade Agreements reflects a strategic shift from market access to geopolitical alignment. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1.Why is India signing more FTAs despite limited gains from earlier ones? 
India now views FTAs as tools for strategic alignment, supply-chain resilience, and geopolitical partnerships in a multipolar world. 

2. What major problem has India faced under past FTAs like ASEAN?
Imports grew faster than exports, widening trade deficits, with ASEAN imports rising from USD 8 bn (FY13) to USD 44 bn (FY23).

3. How do FTAs affect India’s domestic sectors?
MSMEs and farmers face pressure from cheaper imports, especially in sectors like rubber, dairy, and plantation crops.

4. What are WTO-plus issues in new FTAs?
They include services, digital trade, investment, IPR, labour, and environmental standards beyond WTO commitments.

5. What safeguards can improve India’s FTA outcomes?
Strong Rules of Origin, safeguard duties, periodic reviews, and better dispute-resolution mechanisms.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following countries: (2018)

  1. Australia  
  2. Canada  
  3. China  
  4. India  
  5. Japan  
  6. USA  

Which of the above are among the ‘free-trade partners’ of ASEAN?  

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5  

(b) 3, 4, 5 and 6  

(c) 1, 3, 4 and 5  

(d) 2, 3, 4 and 6  

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (2018)



ADB Development Financing to Support India

17-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has signed 5 loan agreements with India to finance development projects focusing on skillingrenewable energy, healthcare, urban transport, and sustainable livelihoods. 

Asian Development Bank (ADB) 

Read More: Asia Development Outlook Report 2024 


Hepatitis A

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Experts argue that Hepatitis A, now emerging as a major cause of acute liver failure, should be prioritised for inclusion in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) to strengthen national protection against the disease.

What is Hepatitis A?

What is Hepatitis?

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is transmitted through the faecal–oral route, primarily via contaminated food, water, or unclean hands.

2. What is the main goal of the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018)?

The programme aims to eliminate Hepatitis C by 2030 and reduce morbidity and mortality from Hepatitis A, B, C, and E.

3. Which diseases are covered nationally and sub-nationally under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)?

Nationally: Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, TB, Hepatitis B, Hib diseases.

Sub-nationally: Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Pneumonia, Japanese Encephalitis

UPSC Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)

(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.

(b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.

(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than those infected with HIV.

(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.

Ans: (b)


Q. 'Mission Indradhanush' launched by the Government of India pertains to: (2016)

(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women

(b) Construction of smart cities across the country

(c) India's own search for Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) New Educational Policy

Ans: (a)



Wholesale Price Index Slips Into Deflation

17-11-2025

Source: FE

Why in News?

India’s Wholesale Price Index (Base Year: 2011–12) fell to a 27-month low in October 2025, slipping into deflation at –1.21%, compared to –0.13% in September. The drop was driven by lower prices of food items and crude petroleum, softer fuel and manufactured goods prices, and the impact of 2025 Goods and Services Tax (GST) reforms.

What are the Key Facts About Wholesale Price Index?

                 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does Wholesale Price Index(WPI) measure?

WPI tracks the average change in wholesale-level prices for a fixed basket of goods, covering primary articles, fuel and power, and manufactured products.

2. Who releases the WPI?

It is compiled and released monthly by the Office of the Economic Adviser, DPIIT, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

3. Why is crude oil treated differently in WPI?

Only domestic production is counted because crude isn’t traded in the domestic wholesale market and its imports far exceed local output.

4. What makes WPI different from Consumer Price Index (CPI)?

WPI measures wholesale price changes, while CPI reflects retail prices and cost of living; CPI is released by MoSPI.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
  2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
  3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



Ambaji Marble Earns GI Tag

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Ambaji marble from Gujarat has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, recognising its unique white stone and strengthening its cultural, industrial and global identity.

Marble

Read more: Rocks
How do I track my order? +

Once your order has shipped, you will receive an email with a tracking number. You can use this number on the carrier's website to track your package. You can also find the tracking information in your account dashboard under "Order History".

What is your return policy? +

We accept returns within 30 days of purchase. Items must be in their original, unused condition with all tags attached.

To start a return, please visit our returns portal or contact customer support with your order number.

Do you offer international shipping? +

Yes, we ship to over 50 countries. Shipping rates and times vary by destination. Please proceed to checkout to see the available options for your location.



India’s Carbon Emission Growth Slows in 2025

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

India’s carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels are projected to rise by only 1.4% in 2025, a sharp slowdown from the 4% increase recorded in 2024, according to the Global Carbon Project (GCP) 2025 study.

What are the Key Findings of the Global Carbon Project 2025 Study?

India’s Emissions Profile

What are the Factors Contributing to India’s Slowdown in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?

What are India’s Long-Term Low Emission Strategies (LT-LEDS)?

India has devised LT-LEDS to chart a sustainable path forward in addressing “CLIMATE” change. India’s LT-LEDS involves seven key strategic transitions, namely:

India carbon reduction initiatives

Conclusion

India’s emissions slowdown is encouraging, but rising global emissions and a nearly depleted 1.5°C carbon budget add urgency to COP30 in Belem. Keeping up India’s clean-energy momentum and securing stronger global action will be crucial to limiting future climate risks.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss how India’s rapid renewable energy expansion is reshaping its emission trajectory and helping meet long-term climate commitments.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does the Global Carbon Project report say about India’s emissions in 2025?

India’s fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions are expected to rise only 1.4%, reaching about 3.22 billion tonnes.

2. Why are India’s emissions slowing despite economic growth?

Strong renewable expansion, better energy efficiency, cleaner technologies, and lower cooling demand due to a strong monsoon.

3. How significant is India’s renewable energy capacity?

As of 2025, Renewables form 50.07% of total installed capacity; non-fossil capacity has reached 242.8 GW.

4. Which sector continues to dominate India’s CO₂ emissions?

Coal remains the largest contributor, though power-sector emissions fell by 1% in early 2025 due to high renewable output.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2019)

  1. Carbon monoxide 
  2. Methane 
  3. Ozone 
  4. Sulphur dioxide 

Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)


Q. The ‘Common Carbon Metric’, supported by UNEP, has been developed for 

(a) assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world  

(b) enabling commercial fanning entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading  

(c) enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries  

(d) assessing the overall carbon foot-print caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time  

Ans: (a)


Q. “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018)  

(a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  

(b) The UNEP Secretariat  

(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat  

(d) The World Meteorological Organisation  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (2023)



Mahe: Indigenous Anti-submarine Warfare Vessel

17-11-2025

Source:PIB

India is set to commission Mahe at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai, marking a significant step forward in indigenous naval shipbuilding and maritime defence preparedness.

Read more: Anti-Submarine Warfare Launch


India-Australia Clean Energy Partnership

17-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Australia  is engaging with India at a crucial time as both nations aim to achieve ambitious renewable energy goals while reducing reliance on China for critical materials amid global supply chain vulnerabilities.

What is the Need to Scale Up Australia-India Clean Energy Partnership? 

What are India's Strategic Global Partnerships for Clean Energy Transition? 

Renewable Energy in India 

India's Panchamitra Plan

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the significance of the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership in addressing climate change and supply chain vulnerabilities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP)? 
REP is a bilateral initiative launched in 2024 focusing on solar PV, green hydrogen, energy storage, and capacity building to strengthen clean energy collaboration. 

2. What is the status of renewable energy capacity in India? 
Total capacity reached 220.10 GW, with solar at 105.65 GW, wind at 50.04 GW, bioenergy at 11.58 GW, and small hydro at 5.10 GW. 

3. Why is overdependence on China a challenge for India and Australia? 
China refines over 90% of rare earth elements and produces 80% of global solar modules, creating risks in EV, wind, and solar sectors for both countries. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is the purpose of ‘UDAY’, a scheme of the Government? (2016)

(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy  

(b) Providing electricity to every household in the country by 2018  

(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time  

(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

Q. Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy. (2013)



Green Crackers

17-10-2025

Source:TH 

The Supreme Court of India has relaxed the year-long blanket ban on fireworks in Delhi-NCR, allowing the sale and use of green crackers approved by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) during Deepavali 2025 

Read more: Green Crackers 


Tomahawk Missiles

17-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The U.S. President has indicated that Washington may consider supplying long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles to Ukraine if Russia does not undertake credible measures to de-escalate the ongoing conflict. 

What are Tomahawk Missiles? 

What is the Difference Between a Cruise Missile and a Ballistic Missile?

Parameter 

Cruise Missile 

Ballistic Missile 

 

Trajectory 

Follows a comparatively straight and controlled trajectory. 

Travels in a projectile path; trajectory depends on gravity, air resistance, and Coriolis Force. 

 

Flight Path 

Remains within the Earth’s atmosphere throughout its flight. 

Leaves the Earth’s atmosphere and re-enters it. 

 

Range 

Short-range missile 

Long-range missile 

 

Indian Examples 

BrahMos, Nirbhay, LRLACM 

Prithvi I & II, Agni series, Dhanush. Shaurya, K-15 (Sagarika), K-4 (Submarine-launched). 

 

Global Examples 

Tomahawk (USA), Kalibr (Russia), CJ-10 (China), Babur (Pakistan). 

Minuteman III (USA), DF-41 (China), RS-24 Yars (Russia), Shaheen-II (Pakistan). 

Frequently Asked Questions  

1. What are Tomahawk missiles and who uses them? 
Long-range, subsonic cruise missiles used by US, UK, Australia; launched from ships/submarines for precision strikes on high-value targets. 

2. What are the key features of cruise missiles? 
Fly within the atmosphere, guided, subsonic or supersonic, powered throughout, highly accurate, range up to ~2,000 km, carry conventional or nuclear warheads. 

3. What are the key features of ballistic missiles?  
Follow a parabolic trajectory, exit and re-enter the atmosphere, long-range (300–12,000 km), less accurately, carry conventional or nuclear warheads. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Consider the following statements : (2023)

  1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocketpowered only in the initial phase of flights. 
  2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation: (d)

Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)

(a) An Israeli radar system  

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme  

(c) An American anti-missile system  

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea.

Ans: (c) 



Sundarbans’ SAIME Model Wins FAO Global Recognition

17-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystems (SAIME) model developed by the Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS) in West Bengal’s Sundarbans has been conferred Global Technical Recognition by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 

What is the SAIME Model? 

Sundarbans 

Mangroves

What is the Significance of Mangroves? 

Significance_Mangroves

What are the Major Threats and Conservation Strategies for India's Mangrove Ecosystem?

Aspect 

Threat 

Conservation Strategy 

Land Conversion 

Large-scale clearing of mangroves for aquaculture, oil palm, and rice cultivation has led to significant loss of mangrove cover. 

Enforce stricter coastal zoning and land-use regulations. Integrate mangrove buffers in coastal development plans. 

Timber Extraction & Charcoal Production 

Unsustainable logging and wood harvesting degrade mangrove ecosystems, reducing biodiversity and carbon sequestration capacity. 

Promote alternative livelihoods for local communities. Strengthen enforcement under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. 

Pollution 

Oil spills, industrial effluents, and plastic waste hinder mangrove regeneration and soil quality. 

Implement phytoremediation and cleanup drives. Impose strict liability for oil and chemical spills. 

Invasive Species 

Species like Prosopis juliflora outcompete native flora, alter soil salinity, and obstruct mangrove regeneration. 

Use bio-restoration methods and native species replantation for protecting the native species. 

Climate Change & Sea-Level Rise 

Increased salinity, coastal erosion, and submergence threaten mangrove habitats. 

Strengthen Blue Carbon Initiative participation. Build climate-resilient mangrove belts. 

Conclusion

The SAIME model shows how mangrove conservation and aquaculture can coexist, boosting livelihoods and climate resilience. It reduces carbon emissions while protecting coastal ecosystems and promoting sustainable and inclusive growth. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

How does the SAIME model in the Sundarbans integrate livelihood security with mangrove conservation?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the SAIME model? 
The Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystems (SAIME) is a community-based initiative in the Sundarbans that balances mangrove conservation with aquaculture livelihoods. 

2. Which species is primarily farmed under SAIME? 
Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is the main species, with mangrove litter used as natural fodder, reducing chemical inputs. 

3. What is the geographical spread of the Sundarbans? 
The Sundarbans spans India and Bangladesh, forming the largest mangrove forest on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers, covering 10,000 km². 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following protected areas: (2012)

  1. Bandipur 
  2. Bhitarkanika 
  3. Manas 
  4. Sundarbans 

Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. (2019)



Indigenous Military Combat Parachute System

17-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully tested the indigenously developed Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS) from a record altitude of 32,000 feet, marking a major milestone in indigenous defence innovation and self-reliance. 

Read more:  Empowering India's Defence Sector 


Aluminium-ion Battery

17-09-2025

Source-PIB

The Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru,  have developed a flexible aqueous aluminum-ion battery as a safe and sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries commonly used in phones, laptops, electric vehicles, etc.

Aluminium-ion Battery

Lithium-ion Battery 

Read More: Battery technology



Promoting Global Capability Centres in India

17-09-2025

For Prelims: Confederation of Indian Industries, Global Capability Centres, Gross Value Addition, Intellectual Property, Semiconductor.                          

For Mains: Role of Global Capability Centres in India’s Economic Development

Source: IE  

Why in News?

The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) suggested a framework for a National Global Capability Centres (GCCs) Policy, that can position India as the global headquarters for innovation-driven GCCs.

What are Global Capability Centres?

What are the Key Growth Drivers of GCCs in India?

Proposed National Policy for Global Capability Centres (GCCs) by CII

What are the Challenges Faced by GCCs in India and the Potential Way Forward?

Challenges

Way Forward

India’s digital skills gap is projected to rise from 25% in 2023 to 29% by 2028, with only 43% of graduates industry-ready, forcing companies to invest heavily in reskilling.

Standardized Reskilling Platforms should offer certifications in AI, cloud, and data analytics, while incentives like tax benefits or subsidies should promote large-scale graduate upskilling.

Policymakers worry that GCCs overlap with domestic IT firms, may weaken IT exports, and produce limited high-end projects in India.

A Clear Differentiation Strategy should position GCCs for strategic innovation and R&D.

Most GCC work remains routine and outsourceable, with limited Intellectual Property (IP) creation, restricting India’s rise in the global value chain.

Create special innovation zones with strong IP protection to attract GCCs and mandate IP leadership for greater ownership of product development.

High attrition in the GCC sector, particularly in AI, analytics, and digital roles, makes it hard to retain talent and sustain growth.

Promote global assignments, and high-impact projects, offer a competitive work culture.

Conclusion

India’s GCC ecosystem offers significant economic and employment potential but faces challenges such as a widening digital skills gap, limited IP creation, and high attrition. Strategic policies—including sector prioritization, tax incentives, regulatory reforms, and Digital Economic Zones (DEZs)—can strengthen the sector, enhance global competitiveness, and ensure sustainable growth and job creation.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Global Capability Centers (GCCs) are becoming the new growth engine for the Indian economy. Discuss their potential while examining the key challenges they pose to the domestic IT sector.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
  3. Disease diagnosis
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(A) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(B) 1, 3 and 4 only

(C) 2, 4 and 5 only

(D) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (B)


Mains

Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)



Quality Control Orders

17-09-2025

For Prelims: Bureau of Indian Standards, Quality Control Orders, World Trade Organization

For Mains: Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in India, Measures to balance quality assurance and industry competitiveness.

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The rapid increase in Quality Control Orders (QCOs) issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) over the past three years has drawn criticism from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), which view these mandatory QCOs regulations as costly and restrictive to their operations.

What are Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

What are the Challenges Related to Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

Steps Taken by BIS to Address Current Challenges Regarding QCOs

What Measures are Needed to Ensure Effective Implementation of QCOs?

Conclusion

Effective QCO implementation requires a synergy of regulatory clarity, digital facilitation, financial relief, and active engagement with MSMEs. These measures not only reduce compliance burdens but also strengthen the domestic quality ecosystem, boost consumer trust, and support the objectives of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the significance of Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in strengthening India’s domestic quality ecosystem and protecting consumer interests.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
  2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: A



Chhattisgarh Forest Department Withdraws CFRR Directive

17-07-2025

For Prelims: Community Forest Resource Rights, National Working Plan Code 2023, Minor Forest Produce, Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan 

For Mains: Community Forest Resource Rights, Environmental conservation, Forest governance and management 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Chhattisgarh Forest Department withdrew its directive that had designated itself as the nodal agency for implementing Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.  

What are Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR)? 

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 

What is the National Working Plan Code, 2023 and How does it Conflict with the CFRR? 

What Steps are Needed to Ensure Effective CFRR Implementation? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of the Gram Sabha in forest governance underCommunity Forest Resource Rights. How can the autonomy of Gram Sabhas be strengthened in the face of bureaucratic resistance?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change  
(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj  
(c) Ministry of Rural Development  
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs  

Ans: (d)  

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.  
  2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.  
  3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)  

Q. If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022)

(a) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people.  
(b) This would create a local self-governing body in that area.  
(c) This would convert that area into a Union Territory.  
(d) The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State.  

Ans: (a)



Generative AI and Copyright Issues

17-07-2025

For Prelims: Artificial intelligence, Copyright Infringement, ChatGPT, DU Photocopy Case (Oxford v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services, 2016) case 

For Mains: Copyright Infringement and Use of AI, Fair Use and Transformative Use in the Context of AI-Generated Works 

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The rapid growth of generative artificial intelligence (AI) like ChatGPT and Gemini has triggered concerns over the use of copyrighted content, raising key debates around intellectual property rights, authorship, deep fakes, and ethical AI governance 

Generative _Artificial _Intelligence _(AI) 

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? 

About_AI 

What are the Key Copyright Challenges Related to AI-generated Content? 

What is the Legal Status of AI-Generated Content in India? 

Comparative Global Approaches to AI-Generated Content 

Note 

Way Forward 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the key legal and ethical challenges posed by generative AI in relation to copyright laws. Suggest suitable regulatory measures. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets. (2014)



50 Years of Crocodile Conservation Project and World Crocodile Day

17-06-2025

Source: TH 

On World Crocodile Day (17th June), India commemorates 50 years of its Crocodile Conservation Project (CCP) (1975–2025), with Odisha emerging as the epicentre of this pioneering ecological effort. 

Crocodile

Read more: World Crocodile Day 




National Energy Conservation Awards 2025

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

On National Energy Conservation Day 2025 (14th December), the President presented the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025 in New Delhi. 

National Energy Conservation Awards 

Objective_National _Energy _Conservation _Awards

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 

Read More: Bureau of Energy Efficiency 


Mangroves as Ecological Buffers

16-12-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

A study published in Current Biology has revealed how mangrove plants survive extreme saltwater conditions, offering insights that could help develop salt-tolerant crops amid climate change and rising sea levels.

Summary

How Mangroves Survive Saltwater? 

Implications 

What are the Key Facts About Mangrooves? 

Mangroves

Mangroves

Significance of Mangroves: 

Mangroves

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the role of mangroves as both ecological buffers and knowledge systems for sustainable agriculture under climate change.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. Why are mangroves able to survive in saltwater? 
They possess small epidermal cells, thick cell walls, and specialised salt exclusion or salt secretion mechanisms, enabling survival under low osmotic potential. 

Q. What are the two main salt management strategies in mangroves? 
Salt exclusion at roots using waxy barriers and salt accumulation followed by secretion through leaf glands. 

Q. Why is the mangrove study important for agriculture? 
It provides a blueprint to engineer salt-tolerant crops like rice, wheat, and pulses for saline-prone regions under climate change. 

Q. Why are mangroves crucial for climate action? 
They are powerful blue carbon sinks, store 7.5–10 times more carbon than tropical forests, and reduce flood and storm surge impacts. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest? (2015)

(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh  

(b) South-West Bengal  

(c) Southern Saurashtra  

(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands  

Ans: (d) 



India Nears 100% Rail Electrification

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Indian Railways is close to completing the electrification of almost its entire broad-gauge network, with more than 99% already electrified, underlining India's rapid push toward sustainable, low-emission transport systems. 

Rail Electrification

Read More: Electrification of Railways 


Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2026

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the Draft Establishment Schedule (ESU) for the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2026 for public consultation.  

Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE)  

Unincorporated Non-Agricultural Sector  

Read More: Strengthening India's Statistical System 


“Fare Se Fursat” Fixed Airfare Scheme

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Minister of Civil Aviation, launched a new initiative titled "Fare Se Fursat", a fixed airfare scheme by India’s government-owned regional carrier, Alliance Air. 

India’s Aviation Sector 

Read More: Regional Connectivity Scheme-Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) 




India’s Progress Towards a Naxal-Free Bharat

16-10-2025

For Prelims: Left Wing Extremism, National Investigation Agency, Red Corridor, SAMADHAN doctrine 

For Mains: Breakthroughs of India in Combating Left Wing Extremism, Key Factors Behind Persistence of LWE in India.

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

The Maoist insurgency in India is gradually losing ground, with key leaders surrendering and many cadres leaving the movement. This reflects India’s steady progress in eliminating Naxalism and strengthening law enforcement efforts in affected regions. 

What is the Status of Maoism or Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in India? 

What is Maoism?

LWE

What is India’s Strategy to Eliminate Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? 

SAMADHAN

What are the Challenges Encountered by India in Controlling Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? 

What Measures can India Further Adopt for Naxal-Free Bharat? 

Conclusion 

India’s multi-pronged strategy combining security, development, and rights-based empowerment has sharply weakened LWE, shrinking affected areas and restoring governance. Sustained political will and public participation have brought the country closer to a Naxal-free India.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s multi-pronged strategy in reducing Left Wing Extremism.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Maoism?
A communist ideology by Mao Tse Tung aiming to capture state power via armed insurgency and mass mobilization. 

2. Which is the largest Maoist group in India?
Communist Party of India (Maoist), formed in 2004.

3. Are Maoist organizations legal in India?
No, CPI (Maoist) and its front organizations are banned under UAPA, 1967.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India? What Strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (2020)

Q. The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine that affected citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic growth. (2015)



Quantum Breakthrough in Digital Security

16-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

In a global first, researchers from Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru have developed a method to generate true random numbers using a commercial quantum computer vital for hack-proof digital security. 

What are True Random Numbers (TRNs) in Quantum Technology? 

How does True Random Numbers (TRNs) Differ from Current Methods?

Feature 

Current Methods (PRNs) 

True Random Numbers (TRNs) 

Source of randomness 

Algorithmic (pseudorandom numbers-PRNs) or classical physical noise (thermal, electronic) 

Intrinsic quantum phenomena (photon polarization, electron spin, quantum superposition) 

Predictability 

Can be predicted if algorithm or seed is known 

Fundamentally unpredictable due to quantum uncertainty 

Nature 

Deterministic or noise-based 

Truly random, non-deterministic 

Mechanism 

Uses mathematical algorithms (e.g., Linear Congruential Generators) or classical processes 

Measures quantum processes, e.g., photon passing through a beam splitter or electron spin measurement 

Security 

Suitable for general computing, less secure for cryptography 

Highly secure; ideal for cryptography and quantum key distribution 

Applications 

Simulations, games, general computing 

Secure communications, quantum cryptography, high-security applications 

Quantum Technology 

National Quantum Mission 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the National Quantum Mission (NQM)? 
A flagship initiative by the Government of India (2023–31) to advance quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials, making India globally competitive. 

2. What are Quantum Random Numbers? 
Numbers generated from inherently unpredictable quantum particle behavior, used for secure encryption and hack-proof digital systems. 

3. What are the main focus areas of NQM? 
Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication (QKD & satellite-based), Quantum Sensing & Clocks, and Quantum Materials & Devices. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (2022)

(a) Cloud Services  

(b) Quantum Computing  

(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies  

(d) Wireless Communication Technologies  

Ans: (b) 



Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

16-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Union Government has announced the annual licensing policy for opium poppy cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh for 2025-26, increasing eligible farmers to 1.21 lakh.

Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

What is Opium Poppy?



SC Issues DNA Evidence Guidelines in Criminal Cases

16-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

In the Kattavellai@Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu case 2025, the Supreme Court (SC) issued guidelines to ensure the integrity of DNA evidence in criminal investigations. 

What are the Key SC Guidelines on DNA Evidence Handling?

What are the Key Issues Involved in DNA Evidence Management?

Judicial Stand on DNA Evidence Admissibility 

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s guidelines in Kattavellai @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2025) ensure uniformity, scientific validity, and integrity of DNA evidence in criminal cases. Proper documentation, timely transportation, preservation, and chain of custody are critical to prevent contamination and strengthen the probative value of DNA as opinion evidence under the law.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the significance of the Supreme Court’s guidelines in maintaining the integrity of DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: DNA Barcoding can be a tool to:(2022)

1.assess the age of a plant or animal.

2.distinguish among species that look alike.

3.identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Q. With reference to the recent developments in science, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)

(a) Functional chromosomes can be created by joining segments of DNA taken from cells of different species.

(b) Pieces of artificial functional DNA can be created in laboratories.

(c) A piece of DNA taken out from an animal cell can be made to replicate outside a living cell in a laboratory.

(d) Cells taken out from plants and animals can be made to undergo cell division in laboratory petri dishes.

Ans: (a)



RBI’s FREE-AI Committee Report

16-08-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Artificial Intelligence, Digital public infrastructure, MuleHunter AI 

For Mains: Role of Artificial Intelligence in India’s financial sector, Balancing innovation and consumer protection in digital finance

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence (FREE-AI) Committee Report. It calls for 7 guiding sutras to promote responsible AI use in the financial sector while balancing innovation and risk mitigation. 

What are the RBI’s 7 Sutras for AI adoption Under FREE-AI? 

RBI’s_ 7 Sutras_ for AI adoption              

What Can be the Significance of AI in Finance? 

What are the Challenges of AI in Finance? 

India’s Policy Developments on AI in Finance  

What are the RBI’s Recommendations for AI in Finance? 

Conclusion 

The FREE-AI framework outlines how AI can be responsibly and ethically adopted in India’s financial sector, offering a roadmap for regulators, financial institutions, and technology providers to harness AI’s potential effectively. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of the Reserve Bank of India’s “Seven Sutras” in balancing innovation with ethical safeguards in the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the financial sector.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units  
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs  
  3. Disease diagnosis  
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion  
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy  

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only    

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   

Ans: (b) 


Mains: 

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)




Semiconductor Industry in India

16-08-2025

For Prelims: India Semiconductor Mission, Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystems in India, Semiconductor Fab. 

For Mains: India’s Semiconductor Industry, India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), Importance of Semiconductor Fabrication, Challenges and Way Forward 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Cabinet approved 4 new semiconductor projects in Odisha, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), bringing the total to 10 projects  across 6 states. 

What are the Key Trends and Opportunities Shaping the Growth of India's Semiconductor Market? 

Semiconductor Market Size in India

Significance of Semiconductors 

What is the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)? 

Initiatives to Promote India’s Semiconductor Industry in India 

What are the Key Challenges to India’s Semiconductor Industry? 

What Steps Should India Take to Strengthen Its Semiconductor Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s semiconductor sector is growing rapidly, driven by ISM, PLI, and SEMICON India, rising domestic demand, and global partnerships. Strengthening infrastructure, technology, and skills will be key to making India a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing and design. 

Semiconductors

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the growth potential of India’s semiconductor sector and suggest measures to overcome key challenges for self-reliance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser  
(b) Gas laser  
(c) Semiconductor laser  
(d) Excimer laser  

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.  
  2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2  
(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (2016)



Cess and its Role in Union Finance

16-08-2025

Source: TH  

Why in News? 

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has flagged a Rs 3.69 lakh crore shortfall in transferring cess collections to their intended funds, bringing into focus the purpose and proper utilisation of such levies.

What is the Purpose of Levying a Cess? 

Surcharge 

The 13th and 14th Finance Commissions upheld the exclusion of surcharge from the divisible tax pool, but recommended reducing the Centre’s dependence on surcharge revenues. 

How do Tax and Cess Differ in Purpose and Usage? 

Aspect 

Tax 

Cess 

Definition 

Government levy on income, property, etc. 

Additional levy on an existing tax or duty for a specific purpose 

Revenue Use 

Goes to Consolidated Fund, used generally 

Credited to Consolidated Fund but used only for designated purpose 

State Sharing 

Shared with states 

Generally, not shared with states  

Examples 

Income Tax, GST, Corporate Tax 

Swachh Bharat Cess, Education Cess, Krishi Kalyan Cess 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. The sales tax you pay while purchasing a toothpaste is a (2014)

A. tax imposed by the Central Government 

B. tax imposed by the Central Government but collected by the State Government 

C. tax imposed by the State Government but collected by the Central Government 

D. tax imposed and collected by the State Government 

Ans: (D) 



Wildfires

16-08-2025

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

Wildfires in Albania, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey have resulted in fatalities and forced thousands to evacuate the affected regions.

Mediterranean_Sea_Region

What are the Key Facts Regarding Wildfires? 

Common Wildfire Control Material & Method 

What Steps are Needed to Tackle Wildfires? 

Drishti Mains Question

Examine the factors contributing to the rising frequency and severity of wildfires, and propose strategies for their effective mitigation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2019)

  1. Carbon monoxide 
  2. Methane 
  3. Ozone 
  4. Sulphur dioxide 

Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d) 

Q. In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as  a part of an ecological succession because of (2013)

 (a) insects and fungi 

 (b) limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients 

 (c) water limits and fire 

 (d) None of the above 

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El-Nino effect. Do you agree? (2014)



State Health Regulatory Excellence Index

16-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Union Health Ministry has launched the State Health Regulatory Excellence Index (SHRESTH). 

Read more: Reforming India's Pharmaceutical Sector 


Income Tax Bill, 2025

16-08-2025

Source: IE

Both houses of the Parliament passed the Income Tax Bill, 2025, which seeks to simplify, rationalise, and shorten the existing Income Tax 1961 Act. 

Income Tax 

Read more:  Challenges and Reforms in India’s Taxation System 


Kaziranga Records High Diversity of Grassland Birds

16-07-2025

Source: TH 

Kaziranga National Park, Assam best known for its one-horned rhinos, has now emerged as a biodiversity hotspot for grassland birds. 

National_Park_Assam

Read more: Golden Tiger in Kaziranga National Park 



India Achieves 50% Non-Fossil Fuel Power Capacity

16-07-2025

Source: PIB  

India’s non-fossil fuel power capacity has reached 242.78 GW out of 484.82 GW total installed capacity, 5 years ahead of its 2030 target under the Paris Agreement's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Non-Fossil Fuels: 

Total_Installed _Eectricity_capacity

Key Initiatives Driving the Growth of India’s Renewable Energy Capacity: 

Read More: India’s Renewable Energy Revolution 


Deepfakes

16-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

Denmark has proposed a landmark copyright amendment to ban the sharing of deepfakes without consent, protecting individuals’ voices, faces, and likenesses.  

What are Deepfakes? 

How has India Dealt with Deepfakes? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (b)



Boko Haram

16-06-2025

Source: TOI 

Nigeria is witnessing a renewed insurgency led by Boko Haram, threatening its national security.  

Boko Haram: 

Nigeria: 

Africa

Read More: Boko Haram, Nigeria as 9th BRICS Partner Country 




GFW 2024 Report on Indian Forests

16-06-2025

Source: BS 

The  Global Forest Watch (GFW), an open-source forest monitoring platform developed by the US-based research organisation World Resources Institute (WRI), has recently released data highlighting India’s deforestation and forest degradation trends from 2001 to 2024. 

Key Findings of the WRI Report on India’s Forests: 

Read More: Reviving India’s Forests, 18th India State of Forest Report 2023   


Sighting of Eurasian Otter in Kashmir

16-06-2025

Source: IE 

Eurasian Otter or Common Otter (locally known as Vuder in Kashmir) has been sighted in Kashmir after 25-30 years. It has been historically found in Dachigam, Dal Lake tributaries, Rambiara stream, and Lidder river (in Pahalgam). 

Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) 

Read More: Eurasian Otter Radio-Tagged in Satpura Tiger Reserve 


National Supercomputing Mission

15-12-2025

For Prelims: National Supercomputing Mission (NSM), Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), AIRAWAT, Monsoon, Pratyush, Genome Sequencing, Protein Folding, Semiconductors, Nanomaterials

For Mains: Key features of National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) and various achievements under it. Applications of high-performance computing (HPC).

Source: ET

Why in News?

India is targeting complete indigenisation of its high-performance computing (HPC) systems by 2030, with indigenous content already reaching 50% and expected to exceed 70% by the decade's end.

Summary

What is the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)?

AIRAWAT AI Computing Platform

What are the Key Applications of High Performance Computing (HPC) Systems in India?

Domain

Key Applications 

Weather Forecasting and Climate Modeling

HPC powers high-resolution models for accurate monsoon predictions, and cyclone tracking. Pratyush, and Mihir can deliver resolutions up to 1 km, supporting disaster management.

Drug Discovery and Bioinformatics

Accelerates genome sequencing, protein folding, molecular dynamics, and virtual drug screening. e.g., Covid-19 modeling.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Facilities like PARAM Siddhi-AI handle massive datasets for precision medicine and predictive analytics.

Material Science and Nanotechnology

Enable development of advanced materials, semiconductors, and nanomaterials, supporting self-reliance in electronics and manufacturing.

Defense and National Security

Supports strategic simulations, cybersecurity, and high-energy physics research for national security.

Other Emerging Areas

Supports renewable energy modeling, oil/gas exploration, and other large-scale system simulations.

Conclusion

India’s National Supercomputing Mission is strategically advancing indigenous HPC capabilities to achieve self-reliance, empower R&D across critical sectors, and secure a leading position in global supercomputing and artificial intelligence.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) is pivotal to India’s strategic autonomy and technological advancement. Critically examine its progress in achieving indigenisation and its impact on scientific research and development.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)?
NSM is a 2015 Government of India initiative to develop indigenous HPC systems, expand compute capacity, and strengthen national R&D through supercomputing infrastructure.

2. What is Trinetra in the context of NSM?
Trinetra is C-DAC’s indigenous high-speed interconnect network enabling 100–200 Gbps node communication, deployed in PARAM Rudra systems.

3. What is the AIRAWAT AI platform?
AIRAWAT is India’s national AI computer infrastructure, offering 200–790 petaflops for AI/ML research; it ranks 75th on the Top500 global supercomputing list.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015)

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government. 
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (2021)

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining because a career in science is not as attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)



SC Declares Involuntary Narco Test as Unconstitutional

15-12-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 


The Supreme Court (SC) of India has ruled that any forced or involuntary narco test is unconstitutional, setting aside a 2025 Patna High Court order that allowed such a test in Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2025).

Summary

What is a Narco Test?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a narco test?
A narco test is an investigative technique where sedative drugs like barbiturates (e.g., Sodium Pentothal) are administered to lower inhibitions and extract information.

2. Why are forced narco tests unconstitutional?
They violate Article 20(3) by compelling self-incrimination and breach Article 21 by infringing personal liberty and the right to privacy.

3. What did the Supreme Court hold in Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010)?
The Court ruled that narco tests without free and informed consent are unconstitutional and their results are inadmissible as evidence.

4. Is voluntary narco testing legally allowed?
Yes, a person may voluntarily opt for a narco test at the defence stage under Section 253 of BNSS, but there is no absolute right to demand it.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India? (2021)

 (a) Article 15

 (b) Article 19

 (c) Article 21

 (d) Article 29

Ans:C



India’s Shift to Domestic-led Capital Markets

15-12-2025

For Prelims: Capital markets, Foreign portfolio investment (FPI), Mutual funds, Initial Public Offerings

For Mains: Role of capital markets in economic growth and financial deepening, Impact of declining FPI dependence on macroeconomic stability, Challenges of rising retail participation in equity markets

Source:TH

Why in News? 


India’s capital markets are witnessing a structural transformation where domestic household savings are increasingly replacing foreign portfolio investment (FPI) as the primary source of market liquidity.

Summary

How is Domestic Money Shaping Indian Capital Markets?

Financial Markets in India

What are the Key Challenges from India’s Shift to Domestic-led Capital Markets?

What Measures are Needed to Strengthen India’s Capital Markets?

Conclusion

The shift to domestic savings has strengthened market stability and reduced external risks, but without inclusion, literacy, and protection, this stability may prove fragile. Deepening governance, improving investor outcomes are essential to sustain growth and trust on the path to Viksit Bharat 2047.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss how the shift from foreign portfolio investment to domestic household savings is reshaping India’s capital markets

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is driving the shift towards domestic-led capital markets in India?
Rising household savings, record SIP inflows, and increased retail participation are replacing volatile FPI flows as the main source of market liquidity.

2. How has this shift improved market stability?
Domestic savings provide long-term capital, reducing volatility caused by sudden foreign capital inflows and outflows.

3. What challenges do new retail investors face?
Limited financial literacy, exposure to overvalued IPOs, and poor post-fee returns from active funds increase downside risks.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Convertibility of rupee implies (2015)

(a) being able to convert rupee notes into gold  
(b) allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces  
(c) freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa  
(d) developing an international market for currencies in India   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments? (2019)



Jharkhand’s Saranda Forest

15-11-2025

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court of India directed the Jharkhand government to declare 31,468.25 hectares of the Saranda forest area as a wildlife sanctuary. The court reaffirmed that mining is prohibited inside national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, as well as within a one-kilometre buffer from their boundaries. 

Saranda Forest 

Read more: Conserving Protected Areas in India 


Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari(JSJB) Initiative

15-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Jal Shakti Ministry announced the 1st Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Awards under the JSJB initiative, with Telangana topping the list for 5.2 lakh water conservation structures 

What is the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Initiative? 

What are India's Initiatives Related to Water Conservation? 

India's_Water_Management_Strategy

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) initiative? 
JSJB aims to promote community-driven construction and rejuvenation of artificial groundwater recharge structures under JSA: Catch the Rain to enhance water security and resilience. 

2. Name the three key mantras (3Cs) guiding the JSJB initiative. 
The initiative is driven by the 3Cs mantra: Community participation, leveraging CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), and optimizing Cost for sustainable water conservation. 

3. How did JSJB perform against its quantitative targets? 
Against a target of 10 lakh structures, JSJB reported 27.6 lakh structures—indicating widespread participation and rapid scale-up of recharge interventions. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q1. Which one of the following ancient towns is well known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs? (2021)  

(a) Dholavira  

(b) Kalibangan  

(c) Rakhigarhi  

(d) Ropar  

Ans: (a)

Q2. With reference to ‘Water Credit’, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector.   
  2. It is a global initiative launched under the aegis of the World Health Organization and the World Bank.   
  3. It aims to enable the poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies.   

Which of the statements given above are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)

Q3. What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme’? (2014)  

  1. Prevention of soil runoff  
  2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers  
  3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table  
  4. Regeneration of natural vegetation  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c) 



Nobel Prize in Economics 2025

15-10-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?  

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was jointly awarded to Joel Mokyr (Netherlands), Philippe Aghion(Paris), and Peter Howitt(Canada) for explaining innovation-driven economic growth and how societies must counter stagnation to sustain development.

Nobel Prize in Economics 2025

What are the Key Highlights of the Nobel Prize in Economics 2025? 

Did you Know? 

Click here to Read: Nobel Peace Prize 2025 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1.Who were the recipients of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences ? 
Joel Mokyr; Philippe Aghion & Peter Howitt. 

2. What are the core contributions of the 2025 Nobel-winning research in economics?
Innovation-driven economic growth, explains the Scientific-Technical Synergy behind Sustained Growth and the theory of creative destruction.  

3. How does the research provide policy insights for economic growth?
Highlights need for competition, industrial policy, and continuous innovation.



Great Nicobar Island Project

15-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project has drawn attention as one of India’s most ambitious infrastructure plans in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

What is the Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project?

Great_Nicobar_Island

Great Nicobar Island

Conclusion

The Great Nicobar Island Project is not merely an infrastructure plan but a strategic-economic multiplier. It secures India’s maritime future, reduces logistical dependence on foreign ports, and unlocks regional growth, thereby positioning India as a major player in the Indo-Pacific.

Click here to Read: Concerns Associated with the Great Nicobar Island Project

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the role of the Great Nicobar Island Project in India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and its alignment with the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

Great Nicobar Project | Andaman & Nicobar | Environmental Concern | Indepth | Drishti IAS English

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.
  2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
  3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 

(c) 3 only  

(d) 1 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) 

(a) Andaman and Nicobar 

(b) Nicobar and Sumatra 

(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep 

(d) Sumatra and Java 

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before the project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal- fired thermal plants located at Pitheads.(2023)




Software Technology Parks of India

15-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is expanding beyond traditional metro hubs to promote inclusive IT growth, focusing on Tier 2 and 3 cities. 

Read more: National Policy on Software Products 2019 



Astra Missile

15-07-2025

Source: HT 

The DRDO and  Indian Air Force (IAF) has successfully test-fired the indigenous Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) 'Astra' with an indigenously developed Radio Frequency (RF) Seeker from a Su-30 Mk-I fighter aircraft off the coast of Odisha. 

BVRAAM Astra: 

Indigenous Mounted Gun System (MGS): 

Su-30MKI: 

Astra _Missile

Read More: Astra Mk-1 Missile 


Catastrophe Bonds for Natural Disasters

15-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India’s limited disaster insurance coverage increases financial vulnerability during natural disasters. In light of rising climate-induced disasters, Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) present a strategic option for enhancing disaster risk financing and resilience.

Bonds

What are Catastrophe Bonds? 

Catastrophe _Bonds 

http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1752571108_Catastrophe _Bonds.webp

What is the Significance of Catastrophe Bonds for India? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q.1 In the context of the Indian economy, non-financial debt includes which of the following? (2020) 

  1. Housing loans owed by households 
  2. Amounts outstanding on credit cards 
  3. Treasury bills 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d) 

Q.2 Consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities. 
  2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments. 
  3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q.3 In the context of Indian economy, ‘Open Market Operations’ refers to (2013) 

(a) borrowing by scheduled banks from the RBI 
(b) lending by commercial banks to industry and trade 
(c) purchase and sale of government securities by the RBI 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c)



NGT Flags Severe Chromium Contamination in Drinking Water

14-11-2025

Source: TH 

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has raised serious concerns over the lack of adequate safe drinking water in chromium-contaminated regions of Uttar Pradesh, directing the State government to ensure immediate and sufficient water supply. 

National_Green_Tribunal

Read more: India's Groundwater Contamination Crisis 


Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026

14-11-2025

For Prelims: Climate Risk Index, UNFCCC, Glacial Lake Outbursts, Ocean Acidification, Himalayan Glaciers, Arsenic Contamination, Black Carbon, Western Ghats, Mangroves, Coral Reefs, Cyclone, National Water Policy 2012, Traditional Water Systems, Green Hydrogen, Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari

For Mains: Key Findings of the Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026 Report. global impact of Extreme Weather, Climate Change’s Threats to India, and Necessary Mitigation Measures 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Germanwatch Climate Risk Index 2026 report, presented at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, ranks India as the 9th most affected country by extreme weather events (EWEs)  over the past three decades (1995-2024).

Climate Risk Index 

What are the Key Findings of the Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026 Report? 

CRI_Countries

Fatalities_by_Event

What are the Impacts of Climate Change on India? 

What Measures should India Take to Address the Impacts of Climate Change? 

Conclusion 

The CRI 2026 underscores India’s high vulnerability to extreme weather events and long-term climate risks, affecting water, ecosystems, coasts, and socio-economic stability. Urgent measures in adaptation, water management, coastal resilience, decarbonization, and sustainable governance are essential to mitigate impacts, protect livelihoods, and ensure climate-resilient development.

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the threats posed by global warming to India's Himalayan and coastal ecosystems. Suggest sustainable measures for building resilience in these regions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are the projected sea-level rise impacts for India? 
Global sea level rose ~3.6 mm/yr (last decade); projections of 0.4–0.8 m by 2100 endanger coastal cities (Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata) and ~250 million residents within 50 km of the coast. 

2. What is the scale of India’s groundwater depletion? 
Groundwater use rose from ~10–20 km³ to 240–260 km³ over 50 years; Gangetic aquifers are falling ~4 cm/year, making many perennial rivers seasonal. 

3. According to the World Bank, how much could climate change reduce India’s GDP by 2100? 
The World Bank estimates climate impacts could cut India’s GDP by 6.4–10% and push 50 million people into poverty by 2100. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’? (2019)

  1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits. 
  2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the sea floor. 
  3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below.  

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)

Q “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018)  

(a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  

(b) The UNEP Secretariat  

(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat  

(d) The World Meteorological Organisation  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (2017)



Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001

14-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India marked the Silver Jubilee of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001 and the 21st Foundation Day of PPV&FRA with the Plant Genome Saviour Awards Ceremony in New Delhi.  

What is the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001? 

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the PPV&FRA Act, 2001? 
The PPV&FRA Act, 2001 is a sui generis law that provides intellectual property protection to plant breeders while formally recognising farmers’ rights to save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seed and register farmer-developed varieties.

2. Who implements the PPV&FRA and what is its function? 
The Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), headquartered in New Delhi, implements the Act, maintains the National Register of Plant Varieties and adjudicates rights, benefit-sharing and registrations.

3. What rights does a breeder get under the Act? 
Registered breeders obtain exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety and can license or take legal action against infringement.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India. 
  2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board. 
  3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c) 



Discovery of Largest and Most Distant Black Hole Flare

14-11-2025

Source: IE 

Astronomers have detected the largest and most distant flare from a black hole, originating from the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) J2245+3743, located 10 billion light-years away from Earth. 

Black Hole

Read More: Black Hole 


Information Technology(IT) Act, 2000

14-10-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) organised a national workshop to streamline the issuance of notices under Sections 69A and 79(3)(b) of the Information Technology Act, 2000, ensuring legal clarity and constitutional balance in regulating content on digital platforms.  

IT Act, 2000 

Read More: Strengthening India’s Cyber Defense 




Natural Farming in India

14-10-2025

For Prelims: Natural farming, Zero budget natural farming, Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati, SDG 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Production) 

For Mains: Principles, practices, and benefits of natural/chemical-free farming, Challenges in mainstreaming natural farming in India.

Source:TH 

Why in News?

Himachal Pradesh is witnessing a major shift as thousands of farmers move away from chemical-based agriculture toward natural farming. This transition reflects India’s wider push for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.

What is Natural Farming? 

Natural_Farming

How is Natural Farming Benefiting Farmers and Rural Livelihoods in India? 

What are India’s Initiatives for Natural Farming? 

National_Mission_Natural_Farming

Natural_Farming

What are the Key Challenges in Mainstreaming Natural Farming Across India? 

What Measures can be Adopted to Scale Natural Farming in India? 

Conclusion 

Natural farming promotes nutrient-rich, chemical-free food while reducing input costs for farmers. It aligns with India’s broader sustainability goals, supporting SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by improving food security, and SDG 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Production) by encouraging eco-friendly agricultural practices.

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the role of natural farming in promoting sustainable agriculture and improving farmer livelihoods in India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Natural Farming? 
Natural Farming is a chemical-free, traditional farming system integrating crops, livestock, and biodiversity to enhance soil health and ecological balance.

2. What is the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)? 
NMNF is a centrally sponsored scheme launched in 2024 to promote chemical-free, ecosystem-based natural farming, covering 7.5 lakh hectares and supporting 1 crore farmers.

3. Which bio-inputs are commonly used in Natural Farming? 
Locally prepared inputs like Beejamrut, Jeevamrit, Neemastra, and Agniastra are used, made from cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, gram flour, and soil. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? (2021)

  1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 
  2. Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 
  3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 
  4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below.  

(a) 1 and 3   

(b) 1, 2 and 4  

(c) 4 only   

(d) 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)   

Q. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

  1. Contour bunding 
  2. Relay cropping 
  3. Zero tillage 

In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil?  

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 3 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 3   

(d) None of them  

Ans: (b)



Safe and Trusted AI Ecosystem in India

14-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), under its IndiaAI Mission, has selected five pioneering projects under the Safe & Trusted AI pillar, targeting deepfake detection, bias mitigation, and security evaluation. 

What are the Key Projects under IndiaAI’s Safe & Trusted AI Pillar? 

How is the IndiaAI Mission Fostering a Responsible AI ecosystem in India? 

The seven pillars of the IndiaAI Mission aim to ensure responsible and safe AI deployment in India.  

Seven Pillars of India AI Mission.

AI Ecosystem in India  

AI Initiatives for Growth.

Click here to Read: India’s AI Revolution

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the role of IndiaAI in ensuring responsible AI deployment, mitigating biases, and safeguarding citizen rights in India’s AI ecosystem.

  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1.What is the objective of IndiaAI’s Safe & Trusted AI Mission? 
IndiaAI aims to strengthen safe, trusted, and ethical AI, promoting responsible deployment, inclusive governance, and technological self-reliance across India.

Q2.Which key projects have been selected under IndiaAI’s Safe & Trusted AI pillar? 
Five projects include Saakshya, AI Vishleshak, Real-Time Voice Deepfake Detection, Evaluating Gender Bias in Agricultural LLMs, and Anvil.

Q3.What is the current status of AI adoption and ecosystem in India? 
India has a USD 280 billion tech sector, employs over 6 million professionals, hosts 1,800+ GCCs, and sees 87% of enterprises actively using AI, with 26% achieving AI maturity at scale.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims:

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023) 



SC Strikes Down Army’s Gender-Based Quota for JAG Recruitment

14-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC) of India struck down the Indian Army’s policy limiting the appointment of women officers to the Judge Advocate General (JAG) branch, rejected the argument that women cannot serve in counter-insurgency or counter-terror forces, and emphasized gender equality in all combat-support arms.

Note: The JAG is the legal arm of the Indian Army, advising on military law under the Army Act, 1950, and guiding commanders on operational, administrative, and disciplinary matters. 

What are the SC’s Directives on Army JAG Recruitment and Women in Operational Roles? 

SC Rulings on Women in the Defence Forces 

Nari Shakti in Defence

Women_in_Defence

What is the Significance of Women in Defence Forces? 

Women_in_Defence

Read more:  Challenges and Way Forward for Women in Indian Armed Forces 

Keywords for Mains 

Drishti Mains Question:

Evaluate the role of judicial intervention in ensuring gender parity in national security institutions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (2019)




Negotiations for India-Oman CEPA Concluded

14-08-2025

Source: ET

India concluded negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Oman, aimed at boosting trade and investment. 

India-Oman Bilateral Relations: 

India-Oman

Major_ Trade_ Agreement

Read More: India-UK Free Trade Agreement, Reviewing Free Trade Agreements   


India’s First Earth Observation Satellite Constellation

14-08-2025

Source:TH

India is set to launch its first fully indigenous commercial earth observation (EO) satellite constellation, led by a private consortium under a public-private partnership model. 

Read more: Promoting Public-Private Synergy in India's Space Sector 


Dismantling the Roots of Left Wing Extremism

14-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Left Wing Extremism (LWE), once a major internal security threat, has contracted from the extensive Red Corridor to just 18 districts, driven by targeted development, sustained security operations, leadership crises, and erosion of its grassroots support. 

What are the Major Milestones in India’s Fight Against Left-Wing Extremism? 

What Additional Strategies Can Strengthen India’s Response to Left-Wing Extremism? 

LWE

Related Keywords for Mains 

Conclusion

The sustained decline in Left Wing Extremism reflects the success of India’s multi-pronged SAMADHAN doctrineSmart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable intelligence, Dashboard-based key result areas, Harnessing technology, Action plan for each theatre, and No access to financing. Going forward, consolidating these gains will require deepening last-mile governance and ensuring inclusive development. 

Drishti Mains Question:

What is Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in India, and what are the key factors contributing to its decline in India? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains:

Q. The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine that affected citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic growth. (2015) 

Q. Article 244 of the Indian Constitution relates to administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas. Analyze the impact of non-implementation of the provisions of the Fifth schedule on the growth of Left-wing extremism. (2018) 

Q. What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (2020)



Reversal on ELV Fuel Ban

14-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Delhi government has rolled back its fuel ban on end-of-life vehicles (ELVs)-Petrol cars over 15 years and diesel vehicles over 10 years as directed by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). 

Legal Mandate for Fuel Ban on ELVs: 

State of Air pollution in India: 

Read More: India's Air Pollution Crisis 



Declining Household Savings & Rising Liabilities

14-07-2025

For Prelims: Inflation, Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme, Mahila Samman Savings Certificate, National Pension System (NPS), Paradox of Savings, FDI, Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), UPI, Jan Dhan, e-RUPI, Inflation-indexed Bonds, Atal Pension Yojana, Sovereign Gold Bonds.             

For Mains: Current trend in household savings in India, Implications of low household savings rate and rising household debt, Strategies needed to maintain sustainable household savings & manage debt in India. 

Source: BL  

Why in News? 

India’s household savings pattern is undergoing a significant transformation, raising concerns about long-term economic stability and domestic capital formation. 

What is the Current Trend in Household Savings in India? 

Household Savings and Household Debt 

What are the Implications of Low Household Savings Rate and Rising Household Debt? 

Paradox of Savings 

What Strategies can be Adopted to Maintain Sustainable Household Savings in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s declining household savings and rising debt threaten economic stability. To ensure sustainability, policies must boost financial literacy, incentivize savings, regulate reckless lending, and expand social security. Balancing consumption-led growth with prudent savings and debt management is crucial for long-term resilience, inclusive development, and reducing vulnerabilities in an evolving financial landscape. 

Drishti Mains Questions:

India’s declining household savings rate poses risks to long-term economic growth." Analyse the causes and suggest policy measures to revive sustainable savings. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question  

Prelims 

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (2019)

(a) poverty rates vary from State to State 

(b) price levels vary from State to State 

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State 

(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 

Q. As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 
  2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 
  3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



Revamping India’s BFSI Sector

14-06-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Capital formation, Sustainable development,Financial inclusion, Bank privatisation, Equities markets, Corporate bonds 

For Mains: State of Banking, Financial, Services and Insurance (BFSI) Sector in India, Challenges Related to BFSI sector, Steps to be Taken to Address Challenges in India’s BFSI Sector 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India's Banking, Financial, Services and Insurance (BFSI) sector faces ongoing structural challenges, including fragmented regulations, a shallow corporate bond market, and unregulated shadow banking, highlighting the need for comprehensive reforms to strengthen and stabilize the financial system for sustainable growth. 

What is the Current Status of India’s BFSI Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges Related to India’s BFSI Sector? 

What are the Key Committees Related to Financial Sector Reforms in India?  

Area 

Committee  

Key Focus 

Banking Reforms 

Narasimham Committee 

Banking sector reform, Asset Reconstruction 

Financial Sector Reforms 

Raghuram Rajan Committee 

Overall financial sector reform 

Bank Licensing 

Bimal Jalan Committee 

New bank licenses 

NBFC Regulation 

A.C. Shah Committee 

Regulation of NBFCs 

Cooperative Finance 

R.N. Mirdha Committee 

Cooperative societies 

Marathe Committee 

Licensing of Urban Cooperative Banks 

Banking Technology 

Rangarajan Committee 

Computerization of banks 

NPAs & Credit Issues 

Khanna Committee 

Non-performing assets (NPAs) 

S.S. Kohli Committee 

Willful defaulters 

Financial Inclusion 

Nachiket Mor Committee 

Payment banks 

H.R. Khan Committee 

Business Correspondent (BC) model 

Rural & Priority Sector Banking 

M.L. Dantwala Committee 

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) 

Gadgil Committee 

Lead banking scheme 

Capital Markets & Investment 

Sodhani Committee 

Forex & NRI investments 

 

Y.V. Reddy Committee 

Small savings reform 

What Measures can be Implemented to Revamp India’s BFSI Sector? 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key factors behind the growth of India’s BFSI sector? Examine the major challenges it faces in ensuring financial stability and inclusive growth. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q1. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an  Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India? (2018)

(a) Indian Banks’ Association 

(b) National Securities Depository Limited 

(c) National Payments Corporation of India 

(d) Reserve Bank of India 

Ans: (c) 


Mains:

Q. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (2016)





Deep Seafloor Exploration

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

A study has revealed that about 99.999% of the Earth’s deep seafloor, which covers two-thirds of the Earth area below 200 meters depth, remains visually unexplored. 

Deep Ocean: 

Marine Snow  

Oceanic_Zones

Read More: Deep Ocean Mission 


IREDA Bags ‘Excellent’ Ratings

14-06-2025

Source: PIB 

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) was awarded an 'Excellent' rating for its exceptional performance in the Power and NBFC sectors by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). 

IREDA: 

DPE Ratings: 

India's Renewable Energy Initiatives: 

Renewable Energy

Read More: Tapping Renewable Energy Potential in India 


Snail Infestation in Cardamom

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

The cardamom-growing regions of Idukki, Kerala, are facing threat from small snail infestations following heavy summer rains. Snails feed on new panicles, flowers, and young capsules, causing crop damage, reduced yield, and quality loss. 

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) 

Spices Market in India: India produced 11.14 million tonnes of spices in 2022–23, cultivating 75 of the 109 ISO-listed spices 

Read More: Strengthening India's Spice Industry 


World Inequality Report 2026

13-12-2025

For Prelims: World Inequality Report 2026, World Inequality Lab, PPP, GDP, Labor Force Participation Rate, Unemployment, Progressive Tax.     

For Mains: Key findings of the World Inequality Report 2026 and proposed policy solutions as per for reducing inequality. Status of India in WIR 2026 and Steps taken by India to reduce inequality.

 

Source: IE

Why in News?

The 3rd World Inequality Report 2026 (WIR 2026), released by the World Inequality Lab, highlights unprecedented global inequality across income, wealth, gender, climate responsibility, and territorial divides, calling for urgent policy interventions.

Summary

What are the Key Findings of the World Inequality Report 2026?

What are the Key Findings Related to India in the World Inequality Report 2026?

World Inequality Report

What are the Key Policy Recommendations Made in World Inequality Report 2026?

Policy Area

Core Objective

Recommendations

Public Investment in Human Capital

Equalize life chances from the start and build an inclusive society.

Invest in free, high-quality education, universal healthcare, childcare, and nutrition programs.

Redistribution & Social Protection

Shift resources directly to lower-income groups and provide stability.

Implement cash transfers, pensions, and  unemployment benefits for vulnerable households.

Advancing Gender Equality

Dismantle structural barriers and redistribute unpaid care work.

Provide affordable childcare, equitable parental leave, and enforce equal pay laws.

Progressive & Green Taxation

Mobilize public resources fairly and align fiscal policy with climate goals.

Enact progressive wealth/income taxes and use taxes/subsidies to promote low-carbon technologies.

Reforming Global Financial System

Correct systemic biases that transfer resources from poor to rich nations.

Explore new global currency arrangements systems to reduce unequal financial flows.

India’s Initiatives to Reduce Inequality

Conclusion

The World Inequality Report 2026 reveals an interconnected crisis of extreme economic, environmental, and social disparities. While the data shows that inequality is a political choice, the proposed multi-dimensional policy solutions and existing national initiatives highlight a clear, actionable path toward building more equitable and resilient societies.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the multidimensional nature of global inequality as highlighted in the World Inequality Report 2026. What comprehensive steps, integrating fiscal and social policy, are needed to forge an effective and equitable development path for India?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does WIR 2026 reveal about global wealth concentration?
The top 10% hold 75% of global wealth, while the bottom 50% owns only 2%; the top 0.001% controls three times more wealth than half of humanity.

2. How is climate inequality linked to wealth?
The wealthiest 10% account for 77% of emissions from private capital; the top 1% alone contribute 41%, showing unequal responsibility and risk.

3. What does the report identify as a primary reason for persistent high inequality in India?
Inequality in India is entrenched, with the top 10% capturing 58% of national income and the top 1% holding 40% of wealth, exacerbated by a stagnant female labour force participation rate of 15.7%.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q.Inclusive growth as enunciated in the Eleventh Five Year Plan does not include one of the following: (2010) 

(a) Reduction of poverty  

(b) Extension of employment opportunities  

(c) Strengthening of capital market 

(d) Reduction of gender inequality 

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (2020)



Poverty in India

13-12-2025

For Prelims: Poverty, World Bank, Gini indexAyushman Bharat, and POSHAN Abhiyan, and Samagra Shiksha

For Mains: Poverty  trends in India, Equity, distributive justice and inclusive development.

Source:IE

Why in News? 

A new research paper by Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, finds that India has “virtually eliminated” extreme poverty between 2011–12 and 2023–24.

Summary

What are the Key Highlights of the Study on Poverty?

What is Poverty?

Type of Poverty

Definition

Extreme Poverty

Defined as surviving on less than USD 3.00 per person per day at 2021 purchasing power parity.

Relative Poverty

Poverty measured in relation to the economic status of society.

Multidimensional Poverty (MPI)

Considers multiple deprivations in health, education, and living standards, not just income.

Consumption-based Poverty

Measured using household consumption expenditure.

What are the Factors Contributing to Poverty in India? 

What Measures can be Taken to Reduce Poverty in India?

To ease the PRESSURE of persistent poverty, India needs to strengthen a PROSPER strategy that expands opportunities, strengthens safety nets, and drives inclusive, resilient growth.

Conclusion

India’s poverty challenge has shifted from widespread deprivation to concentrated pockets of vulnerability driven by inequality, climate stress, and regional disparities. A calibrated PROSPER strategy can help India secure inclusive and sustainable poverty reduction.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Poverty in India is now concentrated in tribal and lagging regions. Discuss and suggest policy measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measure?
MPI measures deprivations in health, education, and living standards, capturing both the proportion of people who are poor and the average number of deprivations they face simultaneously.

2. What does the Gini Index measure?
It measures inequality in income or consumption distribution, 0 means perfect equality, and 100 indicates perfect inequality. India’s consumption-based Gini index fell from 28.8 (2011-12) to 25.5 (2022-23)

3. What is “consumption-based poverty” in India?
It is poverty measured using household consumption expenditure rather than income, based on surveys such as the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (CES) using 7-day, 30-day, and 365-day reference periods.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (2012)

  1. Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at household level  
  2. Purchasing power parity at national level  
  3. Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at national level  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle? (2024)



Google’s Quantum Echoes Experiment

13-12-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Google has achieved a breakthrough in quantum computing called Quantum Echoes marking a significant advancement in understanding quantum behavior and has revived global discussions on Q-day, encryption security, and the future of quantum-safe systems.

Summary

What is Google’s Quantum Echoes Experiment?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Google’s Quantum Echoes experiment?
It is a physics experiment on the 65-qubit Willow processor that measures how quantum information spreads and refocuses using OTOCs.

2. What is Q-day in cybersecurity?
Q-day is the point when quantum computers become powerful enough to break public-key encryption, raising the “harvest now, decrypt later” threat.

3. Why is RSA-2048 vulnerable to quantum computing?
Shor’s algorithm can factor large numbers exponentially faster using quantum superposition and entanglement, undermining RSA’s prime-factor security

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

 Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned?

(a) Cloud Services 

(b) Quantum Computing 

(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies 

(d) Wireless Communication Technologies 

Ans: (b)



Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB)

13-11-2025

Source: ET 

The Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) chairman has expressed dissent over several key recommendations of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) expert committee headed by DK Sarraf on boosting domestic gas usage.

PNGRB_Proposed_Reforms

PNGRB 

Read More: Strengthening Regulatory Bodies 


Intergenerational Equity & Conservation of Endangered Species

13-11-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Supreme Court (SC) of India reviewed the conservation status of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB) and the Lesser Florican, questioned the relevance of Western principles like intergenerational equity for protecting species close to extinction, and stressed the need for an eco-centric approach to biodiversity governance.

What is the Principle of Intergenerational Equity? 

SC's Observation on the Principle of Intergenerational Equity 

What are the Key Facts About Great Indian Bustards and Lesser Floricans? 

Great Indian Bustard 

Great_Indian_Bustards

Lesser Florican 

Lesser_Florican

What are SC’s Recommendations for Biodiversity Conservation? 

Conclusion 

The Supreme Court stressed that conservation of the dying species needs an eco-centric approach rather than human-centred principles. The Court reaffirmed that safeguarding endangered species is a constitutional and ecological responsibility. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the limitations of intergenerational equity principle for conserving critically endangered species in India. Suggest alternatives with legal and policy measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is intergenerational equity? 
Intergenerational equity holds that each generation may use natural resources but must conserve them for future generations. 

2. Why did the Supreme Court find intergenerational equity inadequate for endangered species? 
The Court said the doctrine is essentially anthropocentric (focusing on human benefit across generations) and offers limited protection when species require immediate, species-specific, eco-centric interventions. 

3. What practical measures did the Supreme Court recommend for bustard and florican conservation? 
The Court urged an eco-centric policy focus: stronger habitat protection, science-based recovery programmes (including captive breeding), infrastructure mitigation (undergrounding/rerouting power lines), and timely implementation of conservation directives. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species? (2012)

(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass 

(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard 

(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane) 

(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal 

Ans: (a) 

Q. With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. It is spread over two districts.
  2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
  3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Indian Bustard.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in the conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)



Nyoma Airbase

13-11-2025

Source:ET 

India has inaugurated its newest and highest fighter-capable airbase at Nyoma in Ladakh, built by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), marking a major boost to the country’s air power along the northern front. 

Nyoma_Airbase

Read more: Bagram Air Base 


Strengthening Labour Rights in India

13-10-2025

For Prelims: International Labour Organization, Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan, National Skill Development Corporation 

For Mains: Labour Rights and Industrial Safety in India, Challenges in Enforcement of Labour Laws, Informal Sector and Social Security Measures

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Sigachi Industries reactor blast in Telangana, along with a spate of industrial accidents in 2025, has reignited concerns over industrial safety standards and the weakening of labour protections, reviving debates on the erosion of workers’ rights in India. 

What are the Reasons for Rising Industrial Accidents in India? 

What are the Key Labour Laws Governing Workers' Rights in India? 

Labour_Laws

ILO_Conventions

What are the Challenges in Protecting Workers’ Rights in India? 

How can India Strengthen Worker Rights and Improve Safety? 

Conclusion 

Protecting worker rights needs strong laws, social security, skills training, gender inclusion, corporate accountability, and data-driven monitoring. Addressing these will safeguard workers, boost productivity, and advance Viksit Bharat 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How do systemic erosion and weak enforcement affect labour rights in India, and what reforms can address these gaps?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are the main causes of workplace accidents in India? 
Outdated machinery, poor safety systems, long work hours, unregistered workers, and weak law enforcement.

2. Which laws protect industrial workers in India? 
Key laws include the Factories Act 1948, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923, ESI Act 1948, Payment of Wages Act 1936, and Minimum Wages Act 1948. 

3. How has the OSHWC Code, 2020, reformed worker safety regulations? 
It consolidates 13 labour laws to streamline safety, health, and working conditions, though full implementation is pending.

4. What measures can improve worker rights and industrial safety? 
Reinforcing legal safeguards, formalising informal workers, skill training, gender inclusion, corporate accountability, and AI-enabled monitoring.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Factories Act, 1881 was passed with a view to fix the wages of industrial workers and to allow the workers to form trade unions. 
  2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing the labour movement in British India. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ programme depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)



Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025

13-09-2025

For Prelims: Online Gaming, Real Money gaming (RMG) Industry, Digital Payment System, Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA).    

For Mains: Factors leading to the rise of the gaming industry in India, Need of code of ethics and deregulating India's online gaming sector.  

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Act, passed by Parliament, encourages e-sports and online social games while prohibiting harmful online money gaming services, advertisements, and financial transactions related to them.

What is Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025?

Online Gambling

What are the Key Growth Drivers of India’s Gaming Industry ?

How is the Gaming Industry Regulated in India?

Initiative to Counter online gaming

What are the Key Concerns of India’s Online Gaming Industry and Suggest Measures to Strengthen It?

Concerns

Measures

Regulatory Ambiguity – Fragmented state laws; no clear distinction between skill-based gaming and gambling.

Establishment of a national regulatory body; strengthen self-regulatory bodies (SRBs) for clarity.

Illegal Gambling & Money Laundering – Offshore sites thriving; risks of terror financing, misuse of remittance routes.

Collaborate with banks & payment gateways to block illegal transactions; real-time monitoring; global anti-money laundering cooperation.

Addictive Behaviour – Excessive play leads to stress, financial ruin, suicidal tendencies (23% youth affected).

Introduce age-gating, spending limits, self-exclusion tools; integrate mental health support; run public awareness campaigns.

Cyberattacks – Data breaches (11 mn accounts in 2024); risks from VPN/geo-blocker bypass.

Strengthen cybersecurity with audits, encryption, intrusion detection; comply with data protection norms.

Financial Risks – Vulnerable users overspend (₹17 lakh PUBG case); Indians lose ₹20,000 cr annually.

Promote responsible gaming practices; enforce parental controls; ensure consumer protection mechanisms.

Lack of Innovation Support – Limited infrastructure and mentorship for developers.

Develop dedicated gaming hubs & incubators (models: Montreal, Singapore, South Korea) for innovation and talent growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the challenges and regulatory measures needed for the growth of the online gaming industry in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021)




Exemptions for Mineral Exploration in Forests

13-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News ?

The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) has approved enhanced exemptions for mineral exploration drilling in forest areas, following requests from the Ministries of Coal and Mines.

Why Have Exemptions Been Provided for Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

What Concerns are Associated with Increased Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

Critical minerals 

India’s Initiatives for Critical Minerals:

What Should be the Sustainable Roadmap for Mineral Exploration in Forests?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. What is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘District Mineral Foundations’ in India? (2016)

  1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts 
  2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations 
  3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licenses for mineral exploration 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



India Explores Rare-Earth Deal with Myanmar

13-09-2025

Source:IE

India is collaborating with the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in Myanmar to secure rare-earth mineral samples, aiming to diversify its supply chain away from China.  

What are Rare Earth Minerals?

Light_and_Heavy REE

What is the Status of India on Rare Earth Elements?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)



Bills to Modernise India’s Maritime Laws

13-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Parliament passed Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 & Coastal Shipping Bill, 2025 with the aim to  modernise India’s maritime legal framework by replacing outdated colonial-era laws. 

What are the Key Provisions of the Recently Passed Maritime Bills? 

What is the State of India’s Maritime Sector?  

Key Targets Under MV2030

Government Initiatives in India’s Maritime Sector 

Read More: Challenges in India’s Maritime Sector  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017)

  1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.  
  2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.  

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (b)

Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.  
  2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.  

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018)




Harnessing AI to Shape India’s IT Leadership

13-08-2025

For Prelims: Artificial intelligence, Large Multimodal Models, Non-personal datasets,  Generative AI, MSMEs 

For Mains: Impact of AI in IT Sector, Opportunities & Challenges of AI for India's Economic Growth, Key Challenges AI Poses to India's Traditional Economy 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Indian IT sector, a USD 280 billion industry employing 5.8 million people, is undergoing a profound shift as Artificial Intelligence transforms service delivery and business operations. This AI-driven disruption has prompted moves like TCS halting experienced hiring and cutting 12,000 jobs, sparking concerns over the future workforce and the evolving nature of IT employment. 

What are the Key Applications of AI in the IT Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges in the Indian IT Sector’s AI Adoption Journey? 

How can India's IT Sector Effectively Harness the Potential of Artificial Intelligence? 

Conclusion 

AI is a catalyst for reinvention, not a threat, for the Indian IT sector. The industry must shift from manpower-intensive outsourcing to knowledge-driven, AI-powered innovation. Firms that embrace change, invest in talent transformation, and position themselves as strategic AI partners will shape India’s technological leadership in the coming years. This vision should be a core theme at the AI Impact Summit, New Delhi, 2026.  

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the impact of AI on the IT sector. What are the opportunities and challenges, and how can India leverage AI for sustainable growth?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)



India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vessel

12-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways flagged off India’s first indigenous hydrogen fuel-cell vessel in Varanasi, marking a significant milestone in the nation’s drive toward clean and sustainable inland water transport. 

Read More: India's first Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry 


Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) System

12-11-2025

Source:PIB 

The Minister of Power and Housing & Urban Affairs inaugurated India’s largest and first megawatt-hour (MWh)-scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) system with a 3 MWh capacity. 

Read more:  Aluminium-ion Battery 


MITRA SHAKTI-2025

12-11-2025

Source: PIB 

The 11th edition of Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2025, a joint military drill between India and Sri Lanka, was held at Belagavi, Karnataka, to strengthen defence cooperation and enhance interoperability in counter-terrorism and peacekeeping operations. 

India-Sri Lanka Defence and Security Cooperation 

Read more: India-Sri Lanka Relations 


Gati Shakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation (GTPRO)

12-11-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News? 

The Central Government is planning to restructure the PM Gati Shakti governance framework by dissolving the existing Network Planning Group (NPG) and establishing a new high-level body, the Gati Shakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation (GTPRO). 

What is GatiShakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation(GTPRO)? 

Unified Transport Planning Body

PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP) 

India’s Initiatives for New-Age Highways 

National Highway network

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): 

Q1. What is GTPRO and why is it being established? 
GTPRO (GatiShakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation) will replace the Network Planning Group to provide unified, long-term infrastructure planning and project appraisal across all transport ministries. 

Q2. How does PM Gati Shakti’s GIS-based platform improve project planning? 
It integrates 550+ layers of real-time data, enabling faster, environmentally sensitive, and more efficient transport planning. 

Q3. What role do apps like Rajmargyatra and NHAI One play in transport modernization? 
They provide real-time data, user feedback, and operational monitoring, promoting citizen engagement and digital governance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q1. In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of : (2020)  

(a) Digital security infrastructure   

(b) Food security infrastructure   

(c) Health care and education infrastructure   

(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure   

Ans: (a)


Mains: 

Q. National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) emphasises on ‘moving people’ instead of ‘moving vehicles’. Discuss critically the success of the various strategies of the Government in this regard. (2014)



Isobutanol Blending with Diesel

12-09-2025

Source: TH

India is now exploring isobutanol blending with diesel after unsuccessful ethanol-diesel trials, highlighting the government’s push for biofuels to support farmers, reduce oil imports, and ensure sustainable energy use.

Read more: India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol



Black Aspergillus in Western Ghats

12-09-2025

Source: PIB

Scientists have discovered two new species of black aspergillus (Aspergillus dhakephalkarii and Aspergillus patriciawiltshireae), from the Western Ghats, marking India’s first study in this group using advanced polyphasic taxonomy.

 Black Aspergillus

World’s 8 ‘Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots

Biodiversity Hotspot in India

Read more:New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered



Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges of GM Crops

12-07-2025

For Prelims: Genetically modified (GM) Mustard, Genetically Modified crops, Bt cotton, Drought-tolerant maize varieties, Golden Rice, C4 rice, Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee, Environment Protection Act,1986, Intellectual Property Rights 

For Mains: Regulatory Framework for GM Crops in India, Benefits and Issues Related to GM Crops 

Source: FE 

Why in News?

Amid ongoing trade negotiations, the US is pushing India to open its agriculture market to genetically modified (GM) crops. However, India has firmly stated that agriculture and dairy are 'sacrosanct red lines,' warning that allowing GM crop imports could threaten farmers' livelihoods and food safety. 

What are Genetically Modified (GM) Crops? 

Regulatory _Framework_on_GMO

GMO

What is the Status of GM Crop Adoption in India? 

What are the Key Benefits of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops? 

Benefits_Of_GM_Crops 

What are the Key Challenges in GM Crop Adoption in India? 

What Measures Should be Taken for Responsible Adoption of GM Crops in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s GM crop journey, marked by the success of Bt cotton and a prolonged policy deadlock reflects the tension between scientific potential and regulatory hesitation. In the face of climate challenges, nutritional deficiencies, and trade vulnerabilities, a science-driven, farmer-focused, and innovation-enabling approach is essential. As former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee rightly said, “What IT is to India, BT is to Bharat”, a vision that must now be translated into action.

Drishti Mains Question

How can genetically modified crops contribute to India’s food and nutritional security amid climate change and growing population? Evaluate the potential and risks associated with their widespread adoption. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q1. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012) 

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of (2021) 

(a) clonal propagation of crop plants 

(b) developing genetically modified crop plants 

(c) production of plant growth substances 

(d) production of biofertilizers 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. How can biotechnology help to improve the living standards of farmers? (2019)




World Population Day 2025 and India's Youth

12-07-2025

For Prelims: World Population Day, Demographic Dividend, National Youth Policy 2014, Startup India, National Service Scheme (NSS), Unemployment, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana.                   

For Mains: Opportunities and challenges related to the youth population in India, Steps needed to empower them. 

Source: TH   

Why in News? 

World Population Day, observed on 11th July, was established by the UN in 1989 to raise awareness about population issues and reproductive health rights. 

What is the Status of Youth in India? 

What Opportunities Does India's Youth Population Present? 

What are the Key Challenges Faced by Youth in India? 

Government’s Initiatives Related to Youth 

What Steps Should Be Taken to Empower Youth in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s youth, the world’s largest, offer a transformative demographic dividend. To harness this potential, India must address challenges like unemployment, mental health, and gender gaps while boosting education, skills, and innovation. Strategic policies and inclusive growth can empower youth to drive India’s global rise, ensuring sustainable development and equitable progress. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the challenges faced by India’s youth in realizing their full potential. Suggest measures to convert these challenges into opportunities.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013)

(a) large number of people remain unemployed  

(b) alternative employment is not available  

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero  

(d) productivity of workers is low  

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (2023)

Q. The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favor of your answer. (2015)



Initiatives Driving the Agricultural Growth in India

12-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

At the 16th Agriculture Leadership Conclave, the Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, highlighted major initiatives driving agricultural growth in India, focusing on soil health, credit access, digital innovation, and global trade. 

What are the Initiatives Driving the Agricultural Growth in India? 

India’s Agricultural Growth  

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically assess India's integrated approach towards agricultural growth and increasing the farmers’ income.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017)

Q. Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (2016)



Revival of Lotus in Wular Lake

12-07-2025

Source: IE 

After three decades of ecological dormancy caused by the 1992 flood, lotus flowers have once again begun blooming in Kashmir’s Wular Lake due to focused conservation efforts led by Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA). 

Wular Lake 

Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera) 

Lakes_in_India

Read More: Disputes Related to Indus Water Treaty 


INS Nistar

12-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The Indian Navy has inducted INS Nistar, its first indigenously built Diving Support Vessel (DSV), delivered by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam. 

INS_Nistar

INS Nistar 

Read More: INS Nirdeshak 


PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

11-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) – FPO Sangam was successfully hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, with over 72 Farmers Producer Organisation (FPO)s from 15 states participating. 

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana 

PMDDKY

PMDDKY_vs_Other_Schemes

Read MorePrime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) 


Hybrid Mutual Funds

11-12-2025

Source:ET 

Why in News?  

As equity markets touch new highs, hybrid mutual fund schemes are gaining popularity among investors. Wealth managers are increasingly recommending these funds, especially for investors who find it difficult to rebalance investments on their own. 

What are the Hybrid Mutual Funds? 

Major Types of Hybrid Mutual Funds

Type of Fund 

Description 

Equity Savings Fund 

Invests a small portion in equity (10–25%) and the rest in debt and arbitrage for stable, low-risk returns 

Balanced Hybrid Fund 

Allocates 40–60% each to equity and debt to balance growth and stability 

Aggressive Hybrid Fund 

Invests 65–80% in equity and the rest in debt for higher growth with higher risk 

Dynamic Asset Allocation / Balanced Advantage Fund 

Shifts between equity and debt based on market conditions and valuations 

Multi-Asset Allocation Fund 

Invests in at least three asset classes such as equity, debt, and gold for wider diversification 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What are hybrid mutual funds? 
Hybrid mutual funds invest in more than one asset class, mainly equity and debt, to provide a balanced risk-return profile. 

Q. Why are hybrid funds considered tax-efficient? 
Hybrid funds with over 65% equity exposure are taxed as equity funds, attracting lower LTCG tax (12.5%) compared to debt instruments. 

Q. What is the working mechanism of hybrid mutual funds? 
They follow a fixed or flexible asset mix and are regularly rebalanced by the fund manager to control risk automatically.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. In the context of finance, the term ‘beta’ refers to (2023)

a) the process of simultaneous buying and selling of an asset from different platforms.

b) an investment strategy of a portfolio manager to balance risk versus reward

c) a type of systemic risk that arises where perfect hedging is not possible

d) a numeric value that measures the fluctuations of a stock to changes in the overall stock market

Ans: d 



SEBI Flags Digital Gold Risks

11-11-2025

Source: ET 

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has issued a strong advisory cautioning investors against investing in unregulated digital gold/e-gold products, highlighting their high risks and lack of investor protection.

Read More: Shift From Physical to Digital Gold 


Empowering Framers through Skill Development

11-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

With two-thirds of India’s population dependent on agriculture, empowering farmers through skill development has become a priority. The government is prioritizing skill development to boost farmers' productivity and ensure sustainable growth. 

What are the Key Initiatives Focusing on Agricultural Skill Development? 

Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)

Skill Training of Rural Youth (STRY)

Click here to Read: 7 New Schemes to Boost Farmer Income 

Agriculture Related Findings (Economic Survey 2024-25) 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Empowering farmers through skill development and training is vital for transforming Indian agriculture from subsistence to enterprise-driven growth. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q1.What is the Soil Health Card Scheme? 
Provides farmers with detailed soil nutrient status reports and fertilizer recommendations to improve crop productivity and soil health. 

Q2. What are the main institutional platforms and schemes for agricultural skill development in India? 
VKS (Village Knowledge Centres), ATMA (Agricultural Technology Management Agency), PMKVY 4.0 (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0), and PMKSY — key schemes training millions in modern farming and agri-entrepreneurship. 

Q3.What opportunities do mechanisation and rural skilling create for farmers and youth? 
SMAM (Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization) and STRY (Skill Training of Rural Youth) promote mechanisation and vocational skills, enabling rural employment and productivity gains.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme. 
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres. 

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d) 

Q. In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)

  1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops 
  2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies 
  3. Social Capital development 
  4. Free electricity supply to farmers 
  5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system 
  6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 5 only 

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only 

(c) 2, 3 and 6 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 

Ans: (c)


Mains: 

Q. Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (2016)

Q. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017)



Reorienting India’s Private Capital Expenditure

11-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

Rising global tariffs  and fluctuating external demand underscore the need to prioritize domestic markets for economic stability, thereby shifting the focus towards Indian private sector capital expenditure (Capex).

Capital Expenditure (Capex)  

Evolution of Domestic Capex in India 

What are the Trends in Private Sector Capital Expenditure in India? 

What Role can Domestic Capital Expenditure Play in Sustaining India's Growth? 

How can Private Sector Capital Expenditure be Enhanced? 

Conclusion 

Sustaining India’s growth momentum requires domestic capital to boost investment, ensure fair wages, and enhance R&D, aligning with national interests for a resilient, self-reliant economy amid global uncertainties.

Drishti Mains Question:

A sustained increase in domestic demand is crucial for India's economic resilience. Analyze the role of Indian businesses in stimulating this demand.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Why is there a need to boost domestic private investment in India currently? 
Despite record-high corporate profits and government incentives, private capex remains weak, even as outward FDI grows far faster than the global average. 

2. What is a key challenge in India's Research and Development (R&D) ecosystem? 
India's gross expenditure on R&D is only 0.64% of GDP, and the private sector contribution is merely 36%, far below leading economies, with a focus on short-term returns over fundamental research. 

3. Why is ensuring moderate wage growth important for India’s economy? 
Wage growth sustains consumption and aggregate demand; corporate profits hit a 15-year high in 2023–24, while real wage growth is projected to dip from 7% (FY25) to 6.5% (FY26), risking weaker domestic demand. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

Prelims

Q. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if: (2018)

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.   

(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output   

(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.   

(d) Imports grow faster than exports.   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017) 



Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

11-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Over the past 10 years, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) has become a cornerstone of India’s sustainable agriculture initiatives.  

What is Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana?

Assistance_Provided_under_PMVY_Scheme

What are the Types of Organic Certification in India? 

Organic_Certification_in_India 

Read More: Natural Farming 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? (2021) 

  1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 
  2. Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 
  3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 
  4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 3 
(b) 1, 2 and 4 
(c) 4 only 
(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q.2 Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? (2012) 

(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops 
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field 
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c) 



SC Halts Aravalli Jungle Safari Over Ecological Concerns

11-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Supreme Court of India has temporarily halted the Aravalli Jungle Safari Project in Haryana, citing concerns over its environmental impact on one of India’s most ecologically sensitive regions that serves as the green lung of Delhi-NCR. 

Mountain_Ranges_India

Read more: Aravallis: A Mountain Lost 


India Mobile Congress

11-10-2025

Source:PIB 

The 9th edition of India Mobile Congress (IMC 2025), Asia’s largest telecom, media, and technology event, was inaugurated by the Prime Minister in New Delhi.

India Mobile Congress 

Read More: India Mobile Congress 2023 


Project Waterworth

11-10-2025

Source: ET 

Meta Platforms has chosen Mumbai and Visakhapatnam as the landing sites for the India leg of its multibillion-dollar undersea cable project Waterworth. 

Project_Waterworth

Read more: Meta's Project Waterworth 


Advancements in Magnetic Field Measurements

11-07-2025

Source: PIB

Scientists at the Raman Research Institute (RRI) have developed a technique called Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy (RDSNS) which can be incorporated into an all-optical quantum magnetometer to improve magnetic field measurements.

RDSNS (Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy): 

Magnetometer: 

Read More: Aditya-L1: Deployment of Magnetometer Boom in Sun's Orbit 


Empowering States Through Science

11-07-2025

For Prelims: National Institution for Transforming India, Department of Science and Technology, Intellectual property, National Mission on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 

For Mains: Role of State S&T Councils in India's innovation ecosystem, Importance of decentralisation in research and innovation, Challenges and reforms in India’s grassroots innovation system 

Source: PIB

Why in News?

National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), in its report “ A Roadmap for Strengthening State Science and Technology (S&T) Councils”, has called for reforms in the funding and governance of State S&T Councils. 

What is the Role of State S&T Councils in India? 

What are the Key Challenges Faced by State S&T Councils? 

Success Stories of  State S&T Councils 

What are the Key Reforms Suggested by NITI Aayog to Strengthen SSTCs? 

NITI_Aayog

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of State Science and Technology Councils in promoting decentralised scientific governance in India. Highlight the key challenges they face in fulfilling this mandate.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims: 

Q.1 Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015) 

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government. 
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. For outstanding contribution to which one of the following fields is Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize given? (2009) 

(a) Literature 

(b) Performing Arts 

(c) Science 

(d) Social Service 

Ans: (c) 

Q3. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (2019) 

(a) Department of Science and Technology 

(b) Ministry of Labour and Employment 

(c) NITI Aayog 

(d) Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)



Aadi KARMAYOGI and TALASH

11-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the first Regional Process Lab (RPL) under the Aadi KARMAYOGI, which focuses on strengthening local governance. 

What is Aadi KARMAYOGI? 

What is TALASH? 

Note: Tamanna (Try And Measure Aptitude And Natural Abilities) is an aptitude test developed by NCERT and Central Board of Secondary Education under the Ministry of Education. It helps students of Classes IX and X understand their strengths across various dimensions.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.  
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.  
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.  
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3  

(b) 2, 3 and 4  

(c) 1, 2 and 4  

(d) 1, 3 and 4  

Ans: C 



Indigenous MALE Drones

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

India is accelerating the procurement of 87 indigenously developed Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones, featuring at least 60% indigenous content, to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers and strengthen surveillance along its sea and land borders. 

India’s Indigenous Drones 

Drone Name 

Key Features 

Lakshya 

Target drone for reconnaissance and target acquisition; rocket-launched, turbojet-powered. 

Nishant 

Multi-mission UAV; day/night capable; used for surveillance, target tracking, and artillery fire correction. 

RUSTOM-1 

Short Range Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (SR-RPAS, 800 kg class); performs ISR, target acquisition, and image exploitation. 

TAPAS/Rustom-2 

MALE UAV developed for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) roles. 

Archer 

Weaponized short-range UAV; for reconnaissance, surveillance, and low-intensity conflict. 

Note: All the above mentioned drones have been developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).  

Read More: UAVs in Modern Warfare 


Nahargarh Biological Park

10-12-2025

Source: IE 

A bus caught fire during a lion safari at Nahargarh Biological Park (part of Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary) in Jaipur, Rajasthan, raising serious concerns over safety standards, vehicle maintenance, and environmental protection in ecotourism zones. 

Nahargarh Biological Park 

Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) 

Nahargarh_WLS

Aravalli Range 

Read More: Mining in Aravalli Range 


PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana

10-12-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News? 

The Parliamentary Standing Committee highlighted the slow progress of the PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, aimed at installing rooftop solar systems in one crore households by FY27. 

What is PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana? 

Eligiblity_for_PM_Surya_Ghar_Scheme

PM_Surya_Ghar_Scheme

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana? 
Launched in February 2024, it is India’s largest domestic rooftop solar scheme providing free electricity to households via rooftop solar panels. 

Q. What financial support does the scheme provide? 
Up to 40% subsidy and collateral-free low-interest loans (~7%) for rooftop solar systems up to 3 kW. 

Q. How does the scheme contribute to climate goals? 
Adds 30 GW solar capacity, reduces CO2 emissions by 720 million tonnes, and supports India’s renewable energy targets and net-zero commitment by 2070. 

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a Public Limited Government Company. 
  2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)



India's Top 1% Grew its Wealth by 62% Since 2000: G20 Report

10-11-2025

For Prelims: G20G7InequalityMalnutritionIntellectual Property (IP)IPCCGlobal Minimum Corporate Tax,  IMFSpecial Drawing Rights (SDRs)Food Security,  Digital Divide.

For Mains: Findings of the G20 Report on Global Wealth Inequality, Key Drivers of inequality and its  Socio-economic and Political Consequences. Measures Needed to Tackle Inequality. 

Source: ET 

Why in News?

The G20 Committee set up by the South African G20 Presidency, found that the world’s richest 1% accumulated 41% of global wealth between 2000 and 2023. 

What are the Key Findings of the G20 Report on Global Inequality? 

Gini Index

Gini_Index

What are the Key Factors Driving Global Inequality? 

What are the Various Implications of Inequality? 

What Recommendations Has the G20 Report Made to Tackle Inequality? 

Conclusion 

The G20 report underscores that global inequality has reached emergency levels, with the richest 1% capturing disproportionate wealth. Inequality fuels poverty, health crises, economic instability, and democratic erosion. Tackling it requires progressive taxation, social protection, global coordination, and reform of trade, IP, and financial systems to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth.

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the impact of economic liberalization, structural factors, and international trade rules on inequality in developing countries.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the share of global wealth held by the richest 1%? 
Between 2000–2024, the richest 1% captured 41% of all new wealth, while the bottom 50% received only 1%, highlighting extreme inequality. 

2. What is the Gini Index and how does India compare globally? 
The Gini Index measures income inequality (0 = perfect equality, 1 = maximum inequality). India’s Gini declined from 28.8 in 2011 to 25.5 in 2022, making it more equal than China (35.7) and the US (41.8). 

3. What is the key proposal of the 2025 G20 report to combat global inequality? 
The flagship proposal is the establishment of an International Panel on Inequality (IPI), modelled on the IPCC, to provide authoritative data and policy analysis on inequality trends. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (2020)



Bihar’s Gogabil Lake is India’s 94th Ramsar Site

10-11-2025

Source: TOI

Bihar now has six Ramsar sites, placing it third after Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. India has the highest number of Ramsar sites in Asia and ranks third globally after the UK (176) and Mexico (144), under the Ramsar Convention, 1971. 

Read more: Khichan and Menar as New Ramsar Sites 


Expansion of National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has expanded the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) by including 9 additional commodities, increasing the total tradable agricultural products on the platform to 247 from 238 

What is the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? 

Other Digital Marketing Initiatives in Agriculture 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? 
e-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading platform launched in 2016 to integrate mandis, enable transparent auctions, and improve price discovery for farmers. 

2. How many commodities are tradable on e-NAM after the latest expansion? 
247 agricultural commodities are now tradable on e-NAM after the inclusion of 9 new commodities. 

3. Which other digital initiatives complement e-NAM in India? 
Initiatives include Krishi UDAN 2.0, FPO formation and promotion, ITC e-Choupal, Agri-Stack, and Agri Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF). 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)

  1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops  
  2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies  
  3. Social Capital development  
  4. Free electricity supply to farmers  
  5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system  
  6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 2, 3 and 6 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6  

Ans: (c)

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.  
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.  
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.  

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d) 



Emerging Warfare Technologies and Self-Reliance in Defence Innovation

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

The Defence Minister of India highlighted that future wars will be shaped by Artificial Intelligence (AI), autonomous systems, drones, quantum computing, and directed-energy weapons as seen in Operation Sindoor and called on entrepreneurs and startups to set new benchmarks and create India’s first defence unicorn. 

How are Emerging Technologies Transforming the Nature of Warfare? 

Why is Self-Reliance in Defence Innovation Strategically Important for India? 

What are the Key India's Initiatives Related  Defence Startups? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Assess India’s preparedness for future warfare considering emerging technologies and domestic innovation ecosystems.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). 

1. What are the key emerging technologies shaping modern warfare? 
AI, autonomous systems, drones, cyber warfare, quantum computing, directed-energy weapons, hypersonic missiles, swarming drones, AR/VR, exoskeletons, and space-based capabilities.

2. Why is indigenous defence technology important for India? 
Ensures strategic autonomy, reduces foreign dependence, strengthens operational readiness, promotes economic growth, and enhances global defence influence. 

3. What is iDEX and its role in defence innovation? 
iDEX connects startups/MSMEs with armed forces, providing funding, procurement, and scaling support for indigenous defence technologies. 

4. What government policies support defence startups and MSMEs? 
Make in India (Defence), Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020, SRIJAN Portal, and Positive Indigenisation Lists provide funding, procurement, and regulatory support.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)    

Prelims 

Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)   

(a) An Israeli radar system    

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme    

(c) An American anti-missile system    

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea.    

Ans: (c) 

Q. In the context of the Indian defence, what is ‘Dhruv’? (2008)

(a) Aircraft-carrying warship    

(b) Missile-carrying submarine    

(c) Advanced light helicopter    

(d) Intercontinental ballistic missile    

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



India-Israel Sign Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA)

10-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India and Israel have signed a fresh bilateral investment treaty, making Israel the first OECD country to adopt India’s new investment treaty model.

What is a Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA)?

Model BIT 2015

How Has the Bilateral Relationship Between India and Israel Evolved Over Time?

Israel

What are the Key Challenges Faced by India’s BIT framework, and Suggest Measures to Address Them?

Challenges

Suggested Measures

Lack of clarity in terms like "investment" and customary international law (CIL) leads to disputes.

Define terms like "investment" and "CIL" precisely to reduce legal ambiguities.

Delays in dispute resolution due to the requirement to exhaust local remedies.

Allow investors to choose between local courts or international arbitration upfront.

Exclusion of Most-Favored-Nation(MFN) and Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) reduces investor confidence.

Incorporate MFN and FET Provisions with safeguards to prevent treaty shopping while ensuring non-discrimination.

Exclusion from the ICSID Convention limits enforcement options for foreign investors.

Become a signatory to ICSID to enhance investor confidence and provide a globally recognized dispute resolution mechanism.

Conclusion:

The recent BIT signed with Israel underscores this evolving strategy, as Israel becomes the first OECD country to adopt India’s new treaty model. This agreement aims to boost trade and investment by providing greater certainty and protection for investors while maintaining India's right to regulate.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018)

(a) China
(b) Israel 
(c) Iraq 
(d) Yemen

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss (2018)



International Conference on Space 2025

10-09-2025

Source:PIB

India inaugurated the International Conference on Space 2025, highlighting the country’s ambitious space  goals, its evolving space strategy, and its future role in global space exploration.

India’s Major Space Ambitions

Recent Achievements in India’s Space Journey

Read more: NISAR mission 



Recurring Flood in Punjab

10-09-2025

For Prelims: Rivers of Punjab, BBMB, Dhussi bundhs, IPCC AR6, MSP, C-FLOOD system, BHUVAN platform, Krishi Vigyan Kendras.

For Mains: Causes of Floods in Punjab, Role of Governance and Infrastructure, Measures for Sustainable Flood Management.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Punjab (land of five rivers) is facing one of its worst floods in 40 years, with all 23 districts affected, 3.8 lakh people impacted, and over 11.7 lakh hectares of farmland destroyed. 

What are the Causes of Flooding in Punjab?

Natural Causes

Human-Induced Factors

What are the Key Challenges in Punjab’s Flood Management?

Governance Issues

Infrastructure Deficiencies

What are the Impacts of the Floods in Punjab?

What Measures Can be Taken?

Conclusion

Punjab’s geography makes it inherently flood-prone, but poor dam management, weak embankments, and governance lapses convert natural hazards into human-made disasters. A shift towards scientific water regulation, resilient infrastructure, and transparent governance is essential to safeguard lives, agriculture, and Punjab’s role as India’s food bowl.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Punjab faces recurrent floods despite being drained by perennial rivers. Discuss the natural and human-induced causes of flooding in Punjab and suggest measures for effective flood management.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the Indus river system, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which joins the Indus directly. Among the following, which one is such a river that joins the Indus direct?

(a) Chenab
(b) Jhelum
(c) Ravi
(d) Sutlej

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods. (2024)

Q. The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. (2020)

Q. Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (2020)



Urban Centres as Catalysts of India's Growth

10-07-2025

For Prelims: Gross Domestic Product, Asian Development Bank, Biomass, Sustainable Development Goal 

For Mains: Urbanisation and associated challenges in India, Role of cities in India’s economic growth 

Source: BL 

Why in News?  

India is undergoing a rapid urban transformation, with the urban population expected to reach 675 million by 2035 and 70 million more residents by 2045.  This rapid urbanization will shape the economic and social trajectory of India for decades to come. 

Why are Cities Central to India’s Economic Future? 

What are the Challenges Faced by Urban India? 

What are India's Initiatives for Promoting Growth and Sustainability in the Urban Sector?

What Reforms are Needed for India's Urban Future? 

Conclusion 

Indian cities are vital drivers of regional growth but face challenges in infrastructure, sustainability, and governance. Sustainable urban planning, improved public transport, and resource management are key to promoting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 (Sustainable Cities), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 10 (Reducing Inequalities), ensuring equitable urban development. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Urbanisation is both an opportunity and a challenge for India. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Mains

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)  




Vera C. Rubin Observatory

10-07-2025

Source: IE 

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory, an astronomical facility in Chile (8,684 feet above sea level atop Cerro Pachón mountain), released its first test images, utilizing the Simonyi Survey Telescope as its primary instrument. 

Vera C. Rubin Observatory 

Read More: Dark Matter and Dark Energy 


Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967

10-01-2026

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India 16th Constitutional Amendment National Investigation Agency International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism  

For Mains: Evolution of UAPA and its constitutional implications, Balance between national security and civil liberties

Source:IE 

Why in News?  

The Supreme Court of India denied bail in the 2020 Delhi riots case, relying on the wide definition of a “terrorist act” under Section 15 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. 

Summary

What is the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967? 

What are the Arguments in Favor and Arguments Against UAPA? 

Arguments in Favor: 

Arguments Against: 

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen the UAPA? 

Conclusion 

The UAPA is vital for national security but its overbroad scope and harsh procedures threaten constitutional liberties. Without safeguards, it risks normalising detention and suppressing dissent. Targeted reforms are needed to balance security with democracy. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Suggest reforms to ensure that anti-terror laws remain effective without undermining democratic freedoms.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the primary objective of the UAPA? 
To prevent activities threatening India’s sovereignty, integrity, unity, and national security.

2. Why is Section 15 of the UAPA controversial? 
It defines terrorism in broad terms, including acts committed by “any other means,” enabling wide interpretation.

3. What constitutional concern is most associated with UAPA? 
Violation of Article 21, due to prolonged detention, denial of bail, and dilution of the presumption of innocence.

4. What reforms are suggested to improve the UAPA? 
Narrower definitions, fairer bail provisions, speedy trials, compensation for wrongful detention, and stronger oversight mechanisms.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. Indian government has recently strengthened the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of the prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (2019)



Madhav Gadgil and the WGEEP

10-01-2026

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

Eminent ecologist Madhav Gadgil has passed away after a brief illness. He is remembered as chairman of the Western Ghats Experts Ecology Panel (WGEEP)2011, whose seminal, though rejected, report continues to be referenced during ecological disasters and landslides in the region.

What was Western Ghats Experts Ecology Panel (WGEEP)? 

Western_Ghats

Madhav Gadgil 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What was the Western Ghats Experts Ecology Panel (WGEEP)? 
The WGEEP, or Gadgil Commission, was established in 2010 under the MoEFCC, chaired by Madhav Gadgil, to assess the ecology of the Western Ghats and recommend measures for conservation and sustainable development. 

2. What were the key recommendations of the Gadgil Panel? 
Key recommendations included restrictions on mining, GM crops, SEZs, new hill stations, and major infrastructure in sensitive zones, along with the creation of a Western Ghats Ecology Authority (WGEA) for governance. 

3. What is the Kasturirangan Panel, and how did it differ from WGEEP? 
Constituted in 2013, the Kasturirangan Panel proposed a smaller ESA (56,825 sq km), identifying specific villages for regulation, with a focus on restrictions on industries, mining, and large townships, unlike the broader WGEEP approach. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. In India, the Himalayas are spread over five States only. 
  2. Western Ghats are spread over five States only. 
  3. Pulicat Lake is spread over two States only. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1 and 3 only 

Ans: (b)

Q. ‘Gadgil Committee Report’ and ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, sometimes seen in the news, are related to (2016)

(a) constitutional reforms 

(b) Ganga Action Plan 

(c) linking of rivers 

(d) protection of Western Ghats 

Ans: (d)

Q. In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass? (2012)

(a) Biosphere Reserves 

(b) National Parks 

(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention 

(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries 

Ans: (b) 



Olive Ridley Turtles

10-01-2026

Source: TH 

The ongoing olive ridley turtle (ORTs) nesting season is facing significant threats from human activities, highlighted by the recent discovery of carcasses linked to fishing nets and concerns over disruptive artificial lighting. 

Olive_Ridley_Turtle

Read More: Mass Nesting of Olive Ridley Turtles 


Winter Migratory Birds in Assam

10-01-2026

Source: TH

Each winter, Assam’s wetlands, riverbeds, floodplains, and natural & artificial reservoirs, become vital seasonal habitats for a diverse array of migratory birds arriving via the Central Asian Flyway to escape the harsh cold of Siberia, Tibet, and Europe.

Read More: Migratory Birds and Chilika Lake


FDI Trends in India

10-01-2026

Source: BL

According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), India witnessed a strong rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) during the first half (H1) of FY26 (April-September 2025), driven primarily by a doubling of inflows into the IT sector.

 

Read More: Foreign Direct Investment in India


India International Science Festival (IISF), 2025

09-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The 11th edition of the India International Science Festival (IISF) 2025 commenced in Panchkula, Haryana 

 

IISF 

Read More: Empowering States Through Science 


Crypto Transactions Surge in India

09-12-2025

Source: TH 

Cryptocurrency transactions in India crossed Rs 51,180 crore in 2024–25, marking a 41% rise from the previous year. This is based on Rs 511  crore collected as 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS)as reported by the Finance Ministry in the Rajya Sabha. 

Read more: Cryptocurrency and Blockchain 


Credit Reforms to Deepen Financial Markets

09-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced a set of credit reforms to deepen financial markets, enhance the role of banks in corporate consolidation, and advance rupee internationalisation, amid rising trade tensions with the US and renewed BRICS currency discussions on alternatives to the US dollar. 

What are the Key Credit Reforms Announced by RBI? 

Financial Markets in India 

What are the Implications of the Credit Reforms by RBI? 

Click here to Read: Internationalization of Rupee 

Rupee_Internationalisation

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically evaluate the role of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in strengthening India’s financial markets and promoting global competitiveness

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What new lending freedom has RBI given to banks? 
Banks can now finance mergers and acquisitions (M&As), a space earlier dominated by NBFCs.

2. How do rupee-denominated loans to neighbours help India? 
They promote rupee internationalisation and reduce dollar dependence in regional trade.

3. What new use is allowed for Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs) balances? 
Surplus SRVA funds can now be invested in corporate bonds and commercial papers.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Convertibility of rupee implies (2015)

(a) being able to convert rupee notes into gold   
(b) allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces   
(c) freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa   
(d) developing an international market for currencies in India   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments? (2019)



Swadeshi Movement and Self -Reliant India

09-08-2025

For Prelims:  Swadeshi Movement, National Handloom Day, Partition of Bengal, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, Make in India 

For Mains: Significance and impact of the Swadeshi Movement in India’s freedom struggle, Relevance of Swadeshi ideals in India’s economic policies, Make in India 

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

Every year on 7th August, India celebrates National Handloom Day, which marks the launch of the Swadeshi Movement  on this day in 1905.  

National Handloom Day 

What was the Swadeshi Movement? 

What is the Contemporary Relevance of the Swadeshi Movement in India?  

Role of Handloom Sector in India’s Economy 

India’s Initiatives Related to Handloom 

Drishti Mains Question:

What is the contemporary relevance of the Swadeshi Movement’s ideas in India’s current economic strategies?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements : (2023)

Statement-I: 7th August is declared as the National Handloom Day. 

Statement-II: It was in 1905 that the Swadeshi Movement was launched on the same day. 

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? 

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I. 

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I. 

(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect. 

(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct. 

Ans: (a) 

Q. With reference to the Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.  
  2. The National Council of Education was established as a part of the Swadeshi Movement.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long term implications on the national movement. (2020)




Money Laundering Issue in India

09-08-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court, Money Laundering, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, Enforcement Directorate, Enforcement Case Information Report 

For Mains: Legal and Regulatory framework in India to combat Money Laundering, Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA), Supreme Court Judgement and its Implications

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A report submitted by the Finance Minister in the Rajya Sabha reveals that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) has taken up 5,892 cases under Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 since 2015 but secured only 15 convictions. 

What is Money Laundering? 

What are the Key Reasons for Rising Money Laundering Cases in India? 

What are the Key Consequences of Money Laundering? 

Laundromat 

What is the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002? 

Key Judicial Cases Related ED 

What Measures Should be Taken to Tackle the Issue Money Laundering? 

Conclusion 

Money laundering is a grave threat to India’s financial stability and national security. While the PMLA offers a strong legal framework, its implementation is marred by delays, misuse, and low conviction rates. Combating this menace requires legal reforms, enhanced international cooperation, and strengthened institutional accountability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss India’s institutional and legal measures to combat money laundering. What are the key challenges and the way forward? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q1. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021) 

Q2. Money laundering poses a serious threat to a country's economic sovereignty. What is its significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace? (2013) 

Q3. India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? (2018)



RBI’s Recommendations on Liquidity Management Framework

09-08-2025

Source: BS 

Why in News?  

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Internal Working Group (IWG) has submitted its recommendations to improve the efficiency and predictability of the Liquidity Management Framework (LMF), which has been in operation since February 2020. 

What is RBI's Liquidity Management Framework (LMF)? 

Recommendations of RBI on Liquidity Management Framework (LMF) 

Key Terms Related to RBI's LMF 

Quantitative_Instruments_Monetary_Policy

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. If the RBI decides to adopt an expansionist monetary policy, which of the following would it not do? (2020)

  1. Cut and optimize the Statutory Liquidity Ratio 
  2. Increase the Marginal Standing Facility Rate 
  3. Cut the Bank Rate and Repo Rate 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)

Q.Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (2017) 

  1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates. 
  2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year. 
  3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 1 and 2 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 2 and 3 only 

Ans: (a)



India-UAE 13th JDCC

09-08-2025

Source: PIB 

India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reaffirmed their commitment to deepening defence ties during the 13th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting held in New Delhi.

Key Outcomes of 13th JDCC Meet: 

Significance of India- UAE Relations: 

Read More:  



White-bellied Heron and Kalai-II Project

09-01-2026

Source: IE

Why in News?

The environmental clearance (EC) for the 1,200-MW Kalai-II hydropower project on the Lohit River in Arunachal Pradesh (AR) has triggered concerns over serious omissions in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), particularly regarding the critically endangered white-bellied heron.

What are White-bellied Herons?

What is the Kalai-II Hydropower Project?

Lohit River

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the conservation status of the White-bellied Heron?
It is Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List) and a Schedule-I species under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

2. Where is the White-bellied Heron found in India?
Mainly in Arunachal Pradesh—Lohit, Anjaw, and Changlang districts, including Namdapha and Kamlang Tiger Reserves.

3. How do hydropower dams threaten the White-bellied Heron?
By altering river flow, fragmenting habitats, reducing fish availability, and increasing human disturbance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. It is spread over two districts.
  2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
  3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Indian Bustard.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)

Q. Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic? (2015)

(a) Khangchendzonga National Park

(b) Nandadevi National Park

(c) Neora Valley National Park

(d) Namdapha National Park

Ans: (d)



Avian Flu

09-01-2026

Source:TH

A fresh outbreak of avian influenza (H5N1) in Kuttanad, Kerala has once again disrupted its centuries-old duck-rearing tradition, raising serious concerns about livelihoods, biodiversity, and rural sustainability.

Read more: H5N1 Bird Flu



EARTH Summit 2025

08-12-2025

Source: PIB

Union Home & Cooperation Minister inaugurated EARTH Summit 2025 in Gandhinagar, launching 13+ digital services under Sahakar Sarathi, including Digi Kisan Credit Card (KCC)Cooperative Governance Index, and the World’s Largest Grain Storage Application. 

Read more: Towards a Vibrant Rural India 


GIFT City as Reinsurance Hub

08-12-2025

Source: ET 

India’s plan to turn Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) into a global reinsurance hub,  is advancing with over 10 international insurers already set up and more in line. 

GIFT City 

Read More: GIFT City and Bullion Exchange 


Invasive Alien Plant Species Crisis

08-12-2025

Source: DTE 

Why in News? 

Nature Sustainability study finds that invasive alien plants are spreading across 15,500 sq km of India’s natural areas each year, causing economic losses of Rs 8.3 lakh crore over 60 years and threatening ecosystems, wildlife, agriculture, and rural livelihoods. 

What are Invasive Alien Plant Species? 

Invasive_Alien_Species

What are the Challenges and Measures for Managing Invasive Plant Species in India?

Challenges 

Measures Required 

India has no dedicated national mission or central authority to coordinate action on invasive plant species. 

Establish a National Invasive Species Mission with clear leadership and mandates. Integrate invasive control into climate adaptation, watershed management, and restoration programmes

India lacks a unified national database or long-term monitoring system. 

Develop a centralised GIS-based database, early-warning system, and nationwide monitoring network 

Weak quarantine and biosecurity systems allowing new introductions 

Strengthen quarantine screening, border biosecurity, and import regulations for plants, seeds, and soil. 

There is limited scientific research on species-specific control methods and long-term ecosystem recovery. 

Increase research funding for ecological modelling, biological control, and restoration science. 

Manual removal is expensive, labour-intensive, and often ineffective without follow-up restoration. 

Promote community-led removal, mechanical support, and sustainable utilisation options like biofuel production. 

Post-removal areas are often not restored, allowing invasives to return quickly. 

Ensure active restoration using native grasses and shrubs to prevent reinvasion. 

Conclusion 

India’s rapidly expanding invasive plant species threaten biodiversity, livelihoods, and ecosystem health, requiring urgent national action. A coordinated mission is vital for long-term ecological resilience. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Invasive alien plants are a symptom of systemic environmental mismanagement. Analyse the drivers, ecological impacts.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What are invasive alien plant species? 
Non-native plants introduced intentionally or accidentally that establish, spread and outcompete native species, causing ecological, economic or health harm.

Q. Why are invasions accelerating now? 
Drivers include climate change, land-use conversion, altered fire regimes, changing soil moisture and increased livestock grazing, which together create favourable conditions for invaders.

Q. What measures are needed to crucial invasive species? 
Create a National Invasive Species Mission, build a central GIS database and early-warning system, strengthen quarantine/biosecurity, fund species-specific research, and prioritise restoration with community participation.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains:

Q. How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)



Immunology Research in India

08-11-2025

For PrelimsBiotechnology sectorVaccine development, Immunological Research, Nobel Prize 2025, Health Sector Initiatives 

For Mains: Public Health, Role of Immunology in Public Health and Disease Prevention, Significance of the 2025 Nobel Prize in MedicineImmunotherapy Applications, India’s Immunology Research Ecosystem and Policy Initiatives 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded for discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance. This recognition once again places immunology at the heart of modern biomedical science and public health - an area increasingly relevant for India’s healthcare and research landscape. 

What is Immunology? 

Government Initiatives to Strengthen Immunological Research 

What are the Key Issues Impacting Immunological Research in India? 

Way Forward 

Conclusion 

India stands at a pivotal moment, where advancing immunology can address both its unique healthcare needs and contribute to global medical progress. By strengthening its research infrastructure and fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration, India has the potential to become a leader in immunological innovation, ensuring that the benefits of these breakthroughs are felt both domestically and worldwide. 

Drishti Mains Question 

Q.Discuss the growing significance of immunology in modern medicine and evaluate India’s preparedness to harness its potential for public health and biomedical innovation. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. What is Immunology?
Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system’s structure, functions, and disorders, forming the foundation for vaccines, immunotherapies, and disease prevention. 

2. What is Peripheral Immune Tolerance?
It is the mechanism by which regulatory T cells prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues, maintaining immune balance and self-tolerance. 

3. Why was the 2025 Nobel Prize awarded in Medicine?
Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi received it for discovering regulatory T cells and their role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. 

4. How is India promoting immunology research?
Through initiatives like DBT, ICMR, NII, BIRAC, and the National Biopharma Mission, supporting vaccine R&D, immunotherapies, and public-private collaboration in biotechnology. 



India Demonstrates 500 km Quantum Key Distribution Network

08-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

In a landmark achievement under the National Quantum Mission (NQM), Startup QNu Labs demonstrated India’s first 500 km Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network over existing optical fiber infrastructure. 

What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Network? 

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

National Quantum Mission

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)? 
QKD is a quantum-secure communication technology that generates encryption keys using quantum mechanics, ensuring tamper-evident and unhackable data exchange. 

2. What is the National Quantum Mission (NQM)? 
NQM is India’s flagship initiative to promote quantum research, communication, computing, and sensing, aiming to make India a global leader in quantum technologies. 

3. How does QKD enhance cybersecurity for India? 
By providing future-proof, tamper-evident encryption, QKD protects government, military, and financial networks against quantum and classical cyber threats. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (2022)

(a) Cloud Services   

(b) Quantum Computing   

(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies   

(d) Wireless Communication Technologies   

Ans: (b) 



Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025

08-10-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institutet has awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Mary E. Brunkow (US), Fred Ramsdell (US), and Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan). 

Indian Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine:  In 1968, Har Gobind Khorana from India was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley from the US, for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

What are the Key Discoveries of the 2025 Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine?

Significance of Discoveries

What are the Key Facts About the Human Immune System?

   

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. Who won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
    Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi won for discovering regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene involved in immune tolerance.
  2. What is the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?
    Tregs act as “peacekeepers” of the immune system, preventing autoimmune reactions by ensuring self-tolerance.
  3. What is peripheral immune tolerance?
    It is the mechanism by which the immune system prevents self-reactive cells from attacking the body’s own tissues, maintaining immune balance.
  4. Who is the only Indian Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine?
    Har Gobind Khorana, awarded in 1968 for interpreting the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Nobel Prize winning scientist James D. Watson is known for his work in which area? (2008) 

(a) Metallurgy  

(b) Meteorology 

(c) Environmental protection  

(d) Genetics 

Ans: (d)



Swadesh Darshan Scheme

08-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Tourism undertook a review of the Swadesh Darshan Scheme (SDS) following the CAG’s performance audit 

Swadesh Darshan Scheme (SDS & SD2.0) 

Key Initiatives for Tourism Development 

Read More: Swadesh Darshan Scheme, Advancing Sustainable Tourism in India 



Inland Water Transport in India

08-08-2025

For Prelims: PM Gati Shakti, National Waterway, Inland Waterways Authority of India, Multi-Modal Logistics Park, PM MITRA parks, Mega Food Parks  

For Mains: Role of Inland Waterways in India’s transportation network, Infrastructure & Development 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

National Waterway-57 (Kopili River) in Assam has been operationalised, boosting Inland Water Transport under Maritime India Vision 2030 and PM Gati Shakti. 

Key Facts Related to Inland Waterways and Transport in India

How Can Inland Waterways Support India’s Maritime Vision 2030? 

Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 

Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030

What are the Key Challenges in Unlocking the Full Potential of Inland Waterways in India? 

What are the Key Initiatives to Boost Inland Waterways? 

What Measures Should be Taken to Improve the IWT in India? 

Conclusion 

Inland Water Transport (IWT) is a cost-effective, fuel-efficient, and eco-friendly mode of cargo movement. Its development under initiatives like Sagarmala and PM Gati Shakti can Strengthen IWT to achieve sustainable logistics and India’s USD 5 trillion economy vision. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the potential and challenges of Inland Water Transport (IWT) in India. Suggest measures for its effective integration into the national logistics network.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. (2016)



MS Swaminathan Centenary Conference

08-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Prime Minister of India inaugurated the MS Swaminathan Centenary International Conference at New Delhi celebrating the legacy of the father of India’s Green Revolution. 

MS_Swaminathan

Read More: MS Swaminathan 


ISRO Space Analog Mission ‘HOPE’

08-08-2025

Source: ISRO 

Why in News? 

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has inaugurated the Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Exploration (HOPE) space analog mission at Tso Kar Valley (Ladakh) to simulate and study challenges linked to long-duration space missions. 

What is the HOPE Mission?

Note:

Earlier Analog Missions in Space Research

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO  
  2. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission  
  3. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA  
  4. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



Mpemba Effect

08-01-2026

Source:PIB 

Scientists from the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), have developed the first supercomputer-powered simulations to explain the Mpemba effect. 

Read more: Mpemba Effect 


Indian Railways’ Electrification Drive

08-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Indian Railways has electrified 99.2% of its Broad Gauge (1.676 metre distance between the inner faces of the two parallel rail lines) network, covering 69,427 Route Kilometres (RKMs) out of 70,001 RKMs as of November 2025, aligning infrastructure growth with sustainability. 

Pace_of_Railway_Electrification Electrified_Railway_Network

Benefits_of_Railway_Electrification

Read More: Reforming Indian Railways 


Akash-NG Missile

08-01-2026

Source:IE 

Why in News?  

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully completed User Evaluation Trials (UET) of the Akash-NG (Next Generation) , clearing the path for its induction into the Indian Air Force (IAF). 

Summary

What are the Key Facts About the Akash-NG? 

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Akash-NG? 
Akash-NG is a next-generation surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to intercept high-speed, high-manoeuvring, low-RCS aerial threats up to 70 km.

2. Why are User Evaluation Trials (UETs) important? 
Successful UETs confirm operational readiness under real conditions and clear the system for induction into the IAF.

3. How is Akash-NG different from the original Akash? 
Akash-NG is lighter (350 kg vs 700 kg), has a longer range, uses a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, and offers better mobility and survivability

4. Who developed Akash-NG and who produces it? 
It was developed by DRDO and is produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).

5. What is IGMDP, and why is it significant? 
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, led by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam laid the foundation for India’s indigenous missile systems like Prithvi, Akash, Nag, and Agni, enhancing strategic self-reliance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q1. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018) 

(a) An Israeli radar system 
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme 
(c) An American anti-missile system 
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea. 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2014) 

  1. It is a surface-to-surface missile. 
  2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only. 
  3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 



Need for Early Warning Systems in the Himalayas

07-11-2025

For Prelims:  Flash flood, Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), Landslides, Avalanches, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods, Orographic lift

For Mains: Disaster Management in Himalayan Region, Impact of Climate Change on Glaciers, Early Warning System in Himalayas  

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The rising frequency of disasters in the Himalayan region has underscored the urgent need for robust Early Warning Systems (EWS) to predict and mitigate such events. 

What is an Early Warning System (EWS)?

What is the Need for EWS in the Himalayas? 

Initiatives for Strengthening Early Warning Systems (EWS)

What are the Challenges in Implementing EWS in the Himalayas?

Way Forward 

Conclusion 

An effective Early Warning System (EWS) can save lives, safeguard livelihoods, and support India’s commitment to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action). The future of the Himalayan ecosystem, often called the “Third Pole,” relies on proactive, science-driven, and collaborative disaster management efforts.

Drishti Mains Question

Discuss the increasing vulnerability of the Himalayan region to climate-induced disasters. How can Early Warning Systems (EWS) strengthen India’s disaster preparedness?

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is an Early Warning System (EWS)?
An EWS is a framework using sensors, satellites, and AI to detect and communicate potential hazards early, enabling timely action to reduce disaster losses.

2. Why are the Himalayas prone to frequent natural disasters?
Due to tectonic instability, glacial melting, deforestation, unplanned construction, and climate change, the Himalayas face recurring landslides, floods, and glacial lake outbursts.

3. Which Indian agencies are responsible for disaster warning systems?
NDMA, IMD, ISRO, and MoEFCC collaboratively monitor weather, earthquakes, floods, and glacial changes, providing alerts through regional and national disaster management networks.

4. What are global examples of effective EWS in mountains?
Japan’s earthquake alerts, Switzerland’s Alpine radar network, and China’s glacial flood monitoring show how advanced technology and coordination reduce mountain disaster risks. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2020)

  1. Peak - Mountains 
  2. Namcha Barwa- Garhwal Himalaya 
  3. Nanda Devi- Kumaon Himalaya 
  4. Nokrek - Sikkim Himalaya 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 1 and 3  

(d) 3 only  

Ans: (b)

Q. If you travel through the Himalayas, you are likely to see which of the following plants are naturally growing there? (2014)

  1. Oak  
  2. Rhododendron  
  3. Sandalwood  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

Q. When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following: (2012)

  1. Deep gorges  
  2. U-turn river courses  
  3. Parallel mountain ranges  
  4. Steep gradients causing landsliding  

Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 1, 2 and 4 only  

(c) 3 and 4 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)


Mains: 

Q1. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (2021) 

Q2. How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India? (2020)

Q3. “The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides.” Discuss the causes and suggest suitable measures of mitigation. (2016) 



Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: India’s Third Cheetah Site

07-11-2025

Source: IE 

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) in Madhya Pradesh is being prepared as India’s third cheetah site.  

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary 

Nauradehi_Wildlife_Sanctuary

Read more: Project Cheetah and Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary 


Speciality Fertilisers

07-11-2025

Source: TH 

India is bracing for higher fertiliser prices ahead of the crucial Rabi crop season due to China's suspension of Urea and Speciality Fertiliser exports. 

Speciality Fertilisers 

Speciality Fertilisers

Read More: Fertiliser Sector in India 


Female Labour Force Participation in India

07-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India’s female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) has seen a significant rise in recent years. While this seems promising for gender equality, a closer look reveals persistent challenges in employment quality, wages, and sectoral distribution for women. 

What are the Trends in Female Labour Force Participation in India? 

What Structural Constraints Continue to Undermine Women’s Labour Market Outcomes? 

How can India Transform Rise in FLFPR into Qualitative Economic Inclusion? 

Conclusion 

India’s rising female labour force participation reflects resilience, not necessarily empowerment. True progress lies in turning this quantitative surge into quality employment, fair wages, and equal access to opportunities. Achieving this transformation is central to SDG 5: Gender Equality, ensuring women’s full and effective participation in economic life. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Rising female labour participation in India reflects resilience, not empowerment. Discuss with reference to the quality of women’s employment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s current Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)? 
As per Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24, India’s FLFPR stands at 41.7%, up from 23.3% in 2017–18. 

2. Which group has driven the rise in FLFPR? 
The increase is primarily led by rural women, often entering the workforce due to economic distress and household income needs. 

3. What sectors dominate women’s employment in India? 
Around 76.9% of rural women remain in agriculture, with declining participation in industry and services. 

4. Why is the rise in FLFPR seen as distress-driven? 
Most new work is in unpaid or self-employment, indicating economic compulsion rather than formal job creation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013) 

(a) large number of people remain unemployed   

(b) alternative employment is not available   

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero   

(d) productivity of workers is low   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (2023)  

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)  

Q. “While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability.” What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from? Explain.  (2014)



DAC Greenlights Multi-Domain Capability Upgrades for Armed Forces

07-08-2025

Source: IE

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) chaired by the Defence Minister has approved capital acquisition proposals worth ₹67,000 crore, enhancing combat readiness across the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) 

Read More: Defence Acquisition Council




High-Efficiency Material for Next-Gen Energy Storage

07-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru & Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) have developed a lanthanum-doped silver niobate-based energy storage material, which has enhanced the performance of supercapacitors.

Lanthanum-Doped Silver Niobate Energy Storage Material: 

Supercapacitors: 

Batteries_Vs_Supercapacitors

Read More: Paper-based Supercapacitor for Rapid Device Charging 




Bonn Climate Change Conference 2025

07-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The 62nd annual session of the Bonn Climate Change Conference was held in Bonn, Germany. This mid-year meeting sets the stage for key climate negotiations ahead of the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Belem, Brazil.

What is the Bonn Climate Change Conference? 

What are the Key Takeaways from the Bonn Conference 2025? 

Nationally Determined Contributions 

UNFCCC_And_COP

Read more: UNFCCC COP29 Baku 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the role of international climate negotiations like the Bonn Climate Change Conference in strengthening global environmental governance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017. 
  2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. 
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 3 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: B 


Mains: 

Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)

Q. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (2021)



ICGS Samudra Pratap

07-01-2026

Source:TH

The Defence Minister commissioned Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Samudra Pratap, the first of two indigenously constructed pollution control vessels for the Indian Coast Guard, marking a significant step in strengthening India’s marine environmental protection capabilities. 

Read more: Launch of Samudra Pratap 


Gaganyaan: ISRO’s Parachute Test Boosts Human-Rating Standards

06-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)  has successfully conducted the Integrated Main Parachute Airdrop Test (IMAT) — a crucial milestone in preparing India’s first human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan, scheduled for Q1 2027. The test reinforces ISRO’s human-rating protocols and astronaut safety preparedness. 

Integrated Main Parachute Airdrop Test ( IMAT) 

Gaganyaan Mission 

Read More: Mission Gaganyaan 


India-US Tax Treaty Tussle

06-12-2025

Source: ET 

A proposed shift in the US interpretation of the India-US Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) threatens to remove critical tax benefits for returning Indian professionals, retirees, and remote workers. 

Read More: Advance Pricing Agreements and Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement 


Depreciation of Indian Rupee

06-12-2025

For Prelims: Depreciation of Indian Rupee Foreign portfolio investorsCurrent account deficit, Devaluation, Special Vostro Rupee Accounts 

For Mains: Causes and macroeconomic impact of currency depreciation in a developing economy, Effectiveness of rupee-based settlement mechanisms

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Indian rupee depreciated to a record low of 90.43 per US, driven by foreign fund outflows and India–US trade deal uncertainty, the rupee’s depreciation down 5% year-to-date has made it the worst-performing Asian currency in 2025.

What is Rupee Depreciation? 

Impact of Rupee Depreciation: 

Devaluation vs Depreciation of Currency

Devaluation 

Depreciation 

deliberate downward adjustment in the value of a currency by the government/RBI. 

market-driven fall in a currency’s value due to demand–supply forces. 

Devaluation happens only under a fixed or pegged exchange rate system. 

Depreciation usually happens under a floating or managed-floating exchange rate system (like India’s). 

Devaluation is done to boost exports, reduce trade deficit, or stimulate growth. 

Depreciation is caused by FPI outflows, high imports, inflation, widening CAD, global shocks, etc. 

What are the Factors Causing Rupee Depreciation? 

How can the Indian Rupee be Strengthened? 

Conclusion 

The rupee’s fall stems from weak exports, high imports and sustained capital outflows. Strengthening it requires boosting export competitiveness and reducing import dependence. Stable macroeconomic policies and wider rupee-based trade will help restore confidence. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Analyse the main drivers of the recent rupee depreciation and evaluate its macroeconomic implications for India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. What triggered the rupee’s fall to its record low value? 
The fall was driven by heavy FPI outflows, uncertainty over the India–US trade deal, and strong global demand for the US dollar as a safe-haven asset.

Q. What mechanism is India using to reduce dependence on the US dollar in trade? 
India is expanding Special Vostro Rupee Accounts (SVRAs) and Local Currency Settlement agreements to allow INR-based invoicing and payments. 

Q. How can inclusion of Indian G-secs in global bond indices help the rupee? 
It brings steady passive investment flows from global funds, improving foreign exchange liquidity and supporting rupee stability. 

Q. What is the key difference between devaluation and depreciation relevant for India? 
India experiences depreciation—a market-driven fall in rupee value—because it follows a floating/managed float exchange-rate system, not a fixed one.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q1. Which one of the following is not the most likely measure the Government/RBI takes to stop the slide of the Indian rupee? (2019) 

(a) Curbing imports of non-essential goods and promoting exports 

(b) Encouraging Indian borrowers to issue rupee-denominated Masala Bonds 

(c) Easing conditions relating to external commercial borrowing 

(d) Following an expansionary monetary policy 

Ans: (d) 

Q2. Consider the following statements: 

  1. The effect of devaluation of a currency is that it necessarily improves the competitiveness of the domestic exports in the foreign markets 
  2. increases the foreign value of domestic currency 
  3. improves the trade balance 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (2018)



National Beekeeping & Honey Mission

06-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India’s honey sector is witnessing a structured transformation under the National Beekeeping and Honey Mission (NBHM)which is expanding scientific beekeeping nationwide and strengthening its contribution to rural livelihoods and agriculture. 

What is the National Beekeeping and Honey Mission? 

Progress of NBHM

National Bee Board (NBB) 

Sweet Revolution

Frequently Asked Questions 

Q. What is the National Beekeeping and Honey Mission (NBHM)?
NBHM is a Central Sector Scheme promoting scientific beekeeping, quality honey production, and rural livelihood enhancement across India.

Q. Who implements the National Beekeeping and Honey Mission?
The National Bee Board (NBB) implements NBHM under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, with an outlay of ₹500 crore.

Q. What are the key objectives of NBHM?
NBHM aims to boost rural income, pollination, sustainable honey production, infrastructure, women empowerment, and honey exports. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Years Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2012) 

1. Bat 

2. Bee 

3.Bird 

Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers? (2018)



Environment Audit Rules, 2025

06-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Audit Rules, 2025 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to establish a comprehensive framework for environmental accountability across India. 

What are the Key Features of the Environment Audit Rules, 2025?

Key_Regulatory_Stakeholders_Environment_ Audit Rules

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? (2012) 

  1. Global warming 
  2. Fragmentation of habitat 
  3. Invasion of alien species 
  4. Promotion of vegetarianism 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Q2. Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: (2011) 

  1. Soil formation 
  2. Prevention of soil erosion 
  3. Recycling of waste 
  4. Pollination of crops 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)



Bioproducts

06-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under its BioE3 Policy, is setting up 16 biomanufacturing hubs across India to boost domestic production of bioproducts such as APIs, biofuel enzymes, reagents for biofertilizers.

What are Bioproducts?

Bioproducts

Government Initiatives Related to Biotechnology

Did You Know?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012)

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 and 4 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)



AI in Public Service Delivery

06-08-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

India’s first Artificial intelligence (AI) powered Anganwadi was launched in Waddhamna village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra.  

How can AI Aid in Public Service Delivery? 

AI

Conclusion 

AI’s integration into India’s public service delivery enhances efficiency, inclusivity, and accessibility, improving governance. Through initiatives like the IndiaAI Mission, India is advancing towards a more transparent, citizen-centric system, positioning itself as a global leader in AI-powered governance. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How is Artificial Intelligence reshaping public service delivery in India? Illustrate with examples.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features? (2023)

Q. E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain. (2018) 




Skill Impact Bonds

06-08-2025

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

As India strives for economic growth and inclusive development, innovative models like the Skill Impact Bond (SIB) are emerging to address key challenges in skilling and employment, especially among marginalized communities and women.

What is the Skill Impact Bond (SIB)? 

SIB

What is the Status of Skill Development in India? 

What are the Key Challenges Hindering Skill Development in India? 

Key Skill Development Schemes and Initiatives  

What Measures Should be Taken to Reform India’s Skilling Ecosystem? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of the Skill Impact Bond (SIB) initiative in reimagining India’s skilling ecosystem. How does it promote gender empowerment and innovation in outcome-based financing?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.  
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.  
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (2016) 

Q: “Earn while you learn" scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment (2021)



Green Paradox in Urban Greening

06-01-2026

Source:TH

A global study covering 761 cities across 105 countries, including India, shows that urban greening does not always cool cities and that poorly planned tree and vegetation planting can worsen heat, particularly in dry and water-scarce regions.

Read more: Urban Heat Island Effect



Biological Weapons Convention and Bioterrorism

05-12-2025

For Prelims: Biological Weapons ConventionWeapons of Mass DestructionINTERPOLSCOMET List. 

For Mains: Strengths and weaknesses of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC),  India’s national biosecurity architecture, regulation of biotechnology. 

Source:TH 

Why in News?  

At the 50-year commemoration of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in New Delhi, India’s External Affairs Minister highlighted that the world is still not prepared to deal with bioterrorism, stressing rising risks from non-state actors and calling for stronger global biosecurity frameworks. 

What is the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)? 

What is Bioterrorism? 

Concerns Associated with Bioterrorism 

What Measures Can Strengthen Biosecurity? 

Conclusion 

Bioterrorism risks are rising, and gaps in the BWC show the world is not fully prepared. India’s push for stronger compliance, oversight, and Global South inclusion is vital for building a safer global biosecurity system. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically examine the main gaps in the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and suggest reforms to make it responsive to 21st-century biotechnology risks.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)? 
The BWC (entered into force 1975) prohibits development, production, stockpiling, transfer and use of biological and toxin weapons and has 189 States Parties; it is the first multilateral treaty banning an entire WMD category. 

Q. Why is the BWC considered to have critical gaps? 
The BWC lacks a formal verification/compliance mechanism, has no permanent technical body, and lacks a structured system to track rapid scientific/technological advances, weakening collective preparedness.

Q. What key measures has India proposed to strengthen biosecurity? 
India has proposed a National Implementation Framework (oversight of high-risk agents, dual-use research governance, domestic reporting, incident management) and co-proposed an Article VII assistance database with France.

Q. What legal instruments does India use to implement BWC obligations domestically? 
India employs the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage Rules (1989), the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Act, 2005, and export controls via the SCOMET list (Category-2 covers micro-organisms and toxins).

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2020)

International agreement/set-up     Subject 

  1. Alma-Ata Declaration :     Healthcare of the people 
  2. Hague Convention :         Biological and chemical weapons 
  3. Talanoa Dialogue :           Global climate change 
  4. Under2 Coalition :            Child rights 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 2, 3 and 4 only 

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)



Tractor Emission Norms (TREM)

05-11-2025

Source: TH

Farmers’ organisations have opposed the Union government’s proposal to implement Tractor Emission Norms (TREM) Stage V for tractors from 1st October 2026, urging that the rules would force farmers to buy new tractors, increasing debt and economic hardship.

Read more: Vehicular Emissions in India


Tri-Services Exercise (TSE-2025) “Trishul”

05-11-2025

Source: TH

India has begun Tri-Services Exercise “Trishul-2025” to strengthen integrated operations across land, air, and sea in the Sir Creek and desert sectors of Rajasthan–Gujarat, extending into the northern Arabian Sea.

Read more:  Inter-Services Organisations Rules 2025


Rising Household Debt in India

05-11-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Mutual funds, International Monetary Fund, Systematic Investment Plan

For Mains: Macroeconomic stability, Drivers of unsecured consumption credit and its spillover risks to secured portfolios

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) notes that since 2019-20, Indian households have been taking on financial debt far more quickly than they are building financial assets. 

What are the Trends in India’s Household Financial Health?

What are the Implications of Rising Household Debt?

What are the Challenges in Household Asset Creation in India?

What Steps can be Taken to Strengthen Household Asset Creation and Manage Debt Risks?

Conclusion

Household debt is rising much faster than asset creation, with more borrowing going toward consumption than wealth building. Strengthening savings habits, social security, and productive credit use will be key to maintaining household and economic stability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the impact of consumption-led borrowing on the income multiplier and inclusive growth. What targeted reforms can raise asset creation among low-income households?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are mutual funds?
A mutual fund pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, or other securities to earn returns; they are professionally managed and market-linked.

2. What is the household debt-to-GDP ratio?
It measures household debt as a share of the country’s GDP; for India, it is about 42–43%, lower than the 49% average for emerging market economies.

3. What is the main trend in Indian household finance?
Debt is rising much faster than asset creation, with household liabilities growing about 102% compared to a 48% rise in assets between 2019-20 and 2024-25.

4. Why is rising unsecured borrowing a concern?
Many borrowers with personal/credit-card loans also have home/vehicle loans; default in one loan can turn all exposure into NPAs, increasing financial stress.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question  

Prelims 

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (2019)

(a) poverty rates vary from State to State 

(b) price levels vary from State to State 

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State 

(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 

Q. As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 
  2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 
  3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron in Seychelles

05-09-2025

Source: TH

The Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron ( INS Tir, INS Shardul, and ICGS Sarathi) arrived at Port Victoria, Seychelles during a long-range training mission in the South West Indian Ocean Region.

Seychelles

Seychelles

Read more: LAMITIYE-2024



Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

05-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Cabinet has approved a total outlay of ₹6,520 crore for Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle (2021–22 to 2025–26). This includes an additional ₹1,920 crore for enhancing food processing infrastructure and safety measures.

Read More: Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana, Revolutionizing India's Food Processing Landscape




Matri Van Initiative

05-08-2025

Source: PIB

The ‘Matri Van’, a large-scale urban afforestation initiative under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ campaign, was launched as part of Van Mahotsav 2025 in Gurugram, Haryana.

‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ Campaign

Aravalli Green Wall Project

Read More: Aravali Green Wall Project, Critical Threats Facing the Aravallis



NITI Aayog Report on Chemical Industry

05-07-2025

For Prelims: NITI Aayog, Global Value Chains, Chemical Industry, Viability Gap Funding (VGF), Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), PLI Scheme, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Anti-dumping, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), MSME.                       

For Mains: Status and challenges associated with the chemical industry in India, NITI Aayog proposed policy interventions to promote chemical industry. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

NITI Aayog released its report titled Chemical Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains, outlining an ambitious roadmap for India to become a global chemical manufacturing powerhouse. 

What is the Status of the Chemical Industry in India? 

What are the Opportunities in India’s Chemical Industry? 

India's_2030_Aspiration 

What are the Proposed Policy Interventions by NITI Aayog to Promote Chemical Industry? 

Policy_Interventions_for_Chemical_Industry

India’s Initiatives to Support the Chemical Industry 

What Steps are Needed to Strengthen the Chemical Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s chemical industry, a GDP growth driver, aims to become a global manufacturing hub by 2030 through policy interventions like chemical hubs, OPEX subsidies, FTAs, and an R&D push. Overcoming import dependency, regulatory hurdles, and sustainability challenges requires global integration, safety enforcement, green chemistry, and skill development to achieve USD 1 trillion market potential.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the status, challenges, and policy measures required to make India a global leader in the chemical industry. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims  

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998  

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999  

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011  

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011  

Ans: (c)  




Reforming the Global Sovereign Credit Rating System and MDBs

05-07-2025

For Prelims: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), GDP, Fiscal Deficit, Inflation, Balance of Payments (BoP), Foreign Reserves, GST, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), Debt-to-GDP, BRICS, G20, IMF.                        

For Mains: Concerns associated with the global sovereign credit rating system and MDBs and steps needed to reform them. 

Source: FE  

Why in News? 

At the 4th International Conference on Financing for Development (FFD4) held in Seville, Spain, India’s Finance Minister advocated for reforming the global sovereign credit rating systems and multilateral development banks (MDBs) to promote equity, inclusivity, and sustainable development. 

What are Multilateral Development Banks? 

Click Here to Read: Multilateral Development Banks 

What is the Sovereign Credit Rating System?   

 

Sovereign Credit Rating (SCR) in India 

Why does India Want Reforms in the Current Sovereign Credit Rating System? 

What are the Key Challenges Related to MDBs? 

Click Here to Read: Key Challenges Related to MDBs 

What Steps are Needed to Reform the Sovereign Credit Rating System? 

What Reforms are Necessary in MDBs? 

Click Here to Read: Reforms Necessary in MDBs 

Conclusion 

India advocates reforming the biased sovereign credit rating system and outdated MDBs that undervalues developing economies. With strong fundamentals yet stagnant ratings and unsustainable funding, India seeks transparent, data-driven assessments and alternative agencies to counter Western dominance. Reforms must incorporate real-time indicators, climate resilience, and regulatory oversight to ensure fair global financing and reflect true economic potential. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically analyze the limitations of the current sovereign credit rating system and suggest reforms to make it equitable for developing countries.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: 

  1. In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. 
  2. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. 
  3. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans (b)



Plastic Waste a Public Health Threat

05-07-2025

For Prelims: Microplastics, Single-Use Plastics, Virgin plastic, Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals 

For Mains: Plastic Waste Management, Conservation Environmental Pollution & Degradation Government Policies & Interventions. 

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

Studies have found alarming levels of microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human tissues. India, as the world’s top plastic waste generator, faces a growing public health crisis linked to fertility issues, cancers, and chronic diseases. 

How are Microplastics and EDC in Plastics Affecting Human Health?  

Plastics 

What are the Concerns with Plastic Pollution in India? 

India’s Initiatives Related to Plastic Waste Management 

Plastics_Management

How Can India Combat the Growing Threat of Plastics? 

Drishti Mains Question:

India is now the world’s top plastic polluter. Examine the socio-economic and health impacts of plastics. Suggest reforms to tackle this crisis.

  

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999 

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 

Ans: (c) 

Q.2 How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? (2018) 

  1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. 
  2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment? (2019)

(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems. 

(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children. 

(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields. 

(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants. 

Ans: (a) 


Mains 

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our a habitable environment? (2018)



10 Years of Paris Agreement

05-01-2026

For Prelims: Paris AgreementUNFCCCNationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)Kyoto Protocol vs. Paris AgreementClimate Finance, Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)  

For Mains: Global Climate Governance: UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, India’s Climate Commitments and Energy Transition 

Source:IE 

Why in News?  

The Paris Agreement(2015) completed ten years in November 2025, triggering a global re-evaluation of its effectiveness and relevance.

Summary 

What is Paris Agreement?

India and Paris Agreement 

What are the Concerns Regarding the Paris Agreement? 

What Measures are Needed to Strengthen Climate Action? 

China Model in Climate Action 

UNFCCC_COP

UNFCC_COP_29

Conclusion 

The Paris Agreement enabled global participation but suffers from weak accountability, finance gaps, and equity concerns. Strengthening climate action requires enforceable commitments, assured finance, and equal focus on adaptation and mitigation. For India, aligning climate goals with development offers a balanced and pragmatic pathway forward.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Critically examine the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement after a decade. What structural limitations constrain its success?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Paris Agreement and when was it adopted? 
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding global climate treaty adopted in 2015 at COP21 under the UNFCCC to limit global warming to below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C.

2. What are Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)? 
NDCs are country-specific climate action plans submitted every five years, outlining emission reduction and adaptation measures.

3. What was the significance of the first Global Stocktake at COP28? 
The Global Stocktake (2023) assessed collective progress and called for faster action on mitigation, adaptation, and climate finance by 2030.

4. Why is the Paris Agreement criticised for weak accountability? 
It relies on voluntary NDCs rather than legally binding emission targets, with no penalties for non-compliance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims: 

Q. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2016)

(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East 

(b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change 

(c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 

(d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals 

Answer: (b) 

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017. 
  2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. 
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Answer: (b)


Mains

Q1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (2023)  

Q2. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022)  

Q3. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)



Year-End Review 2025: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

05-01-2026

For Prelims: AravalliMadhav Tiger ReserveAll India Tiger EstimationElephant ReservesProtected AreasProject CheetahGandhisagar Wildlife SanctuaryProject DolphinSloth BearGharialSnow LeopardCarbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)Nagar Van YojanaMISHTI ProgrammeRamsar SitesExtended Producer Responsibility (EPR)PARIVESH 2.0PM Gatishakti NMPSovereign Green BondsCoral ReefsCritical Mineral.     

For Mains: Key Achievements and reforms of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in the year 2025. Further steps needed to strengthen environmental conservation.  

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

In its Year-End Review 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) detailed India’s key achievements in environmental conservationclimate resilience, and institutional reforms.  

Summary 

What are the Key Achievements of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in the year 2025? 

What are the Major Reforms Undertaken by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in the year 2025? 

What Further Steps are Needed to Strengthen Environmental Conservation in India? 

Conclusion 

In 2025, India's MoEFCC consolidated significant gains in green coverwildlife conservation, and climate action while pioneering major regulatory and digital governance reforms, positioning the country as a global leader in integrating ecological sustainability with transformative economic growth. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Evaluate the policy measures required to strengthen India’s environmental conservation, renewable energy transition, and climate-resilient infrastructure.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s global ranking in forest area as per FAO 2025? 
India ranks 9th globally in forest area and 3rd in annual net forest gain. 

2. What significant target was achieved in India's non-fossil fuel capacity in 2025? 
Installed capacity from non-fossil fuels crossed 50% in June 2025, achieving this NDC target five years ahead of the 2030 schedule. 

3. How many mangroves were restored under the MISHTI Programme in 2025? 
A total of 4,536 hectares of mangroves were restored in 2025. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements : (2023)

  1. In India, the Biodiversity Management Committees are key to the realization of the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol. 
  2. The Biodiversity Management Committees have important functions in determining access and benefit sharing, including the power to levy collection fees on the access of biological resources within its jurisdiction.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to the circumstances in Indian agriculture, the concept of “Conservation Agriculture” assumes significance. Which of the following fall under the Conservation Agriculture? (2018)

  1. Avoiding the monoculture practices 
  2. Adopting minimum tillage. 
  3. Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops 
  4. Using crop residues to cover soil surface 
  5. Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 3 and 4   

(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5  

(c) 2, 4 and 5   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 5  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. “The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (2022)

Q. How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in the conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)



Sunrise Festival 2025–26

05-01-2026

Source: ET 

Arunachal Pradesh celebrated the inaugural Sunrise Festival 2025-26 at Dong village in Anjaw district, the easternmost point where sunrise first touches Indian territory. 

Sunrise Festival 

Dong Village 

Northeast_India

Read More: Recognising the Heterogeneity of Northeast India 


Suryastra Rocket Launcher

05-01-2026

Source: TH

The Indian Army has signed an emergency procurement contract with NIBE Limited for the indigenous Suryastra long-range rocket launcher, enabling fast-track acquisition within the Emergency Procurement framework. 

Suryastra 

Suryastra

Read More: Self-Reliance in Defence Sector 


Bioremediation in India

04-12-2025

For Prelims: Bioremediation, Biotechnology, Synthetic biology, Biosensing

For Mains: Need for Bioremediation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India is revisiting bioremediation as pollution from sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, plastics, and oil spills continues to strain the country’s soil, water, and air. With traditional clean-up technologies proving costly and unsustainable, bioremediation is emerging as a promising, science-backed alternative.

What is Bioremediation?

Why Does India Need Bioremediation?

International Practices in Bioremediation

What are the Opportunities and Risks of Bioremediation for India?

              Opportunities

                  Risks

Helps restore polluted rivers, lakes, and wetlands

Release of genetically modified organisms may cause unintended ecological impacts

Enables reclamation of contaminated land and industrial sites

Inadequate testing or poor containment can worsen pollution problems

Creates jobs in biotechnology, environmental consulting, and waste management

Lack of public awareness may lead to resistance or misuse of new technologies

Supports national missions like Swachh Bharat, Namami Gange and National Clean Air Programme, ensuring long-term ecological restoration.

Weak monitoring systems and absence of strong biosafety guidelines and certification systems can limit safety and effectiveness

How Can India Scale Bioremediation Effectively?

Conclusion

Bioremediation offers India a sustainable and affordable pathway to restore polluted ecosystems while supporting SDG 6 (Clean Water) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). With strong standards, skilled manpower, and public trust, it can become a key pillar of long-term environmental recovery.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Bioremediation can reduce remediation costs and environmental footprints compared to conventional methods. Discuss

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is bioremediation?
Bioremediation is the use of living organisms (microbes, fungi, algae, plants) to degrade or neutralise pollutants like oil, pesticides, plastics and heavy metals into harmless products.

2. How does bioremediation support national missions like Namami Gange?
Bioremediation offers decentralised, low-cost treatment for sewage and organic pollution, complementing infrastructure upgrades under Namami Gange and Swachh Bharat to restore river health.

3. What are the main risks of bioremediation?
Risks include unintended ecological impacts from genetically modified organisms, inadequate testing, poor containment, and weak monitoring — necessitating strict biosafety guidelines and certification.

Summary

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation techniques? (UPSC Prelims 2017)

  1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.
  2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms
  3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation

Select the correct answer using the codes given below

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and

Ans. (c)



Fully Accessible Route (FAR) Bonds

04-12-2025

Source: ET

Why in News? 

Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) through Fully Accessible Route (FAR) eligible bonds stood at Rs 5,760 crore in November, drawing attention to India’s debt market and the factors influencing FPI participation.

What is a Fully Accessible Route (FAR)?

Other Routes for Foreign Investment in Indian Debt

Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are FAR Bonds?
FAR Bonds are Government of India securities designated under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR) (RBI, 2020) that permit unrestricted foreign investment with no quantitative caps, improving market access and repatriation ease.

2. How do FAR bonds affect FPI inflows?
FAR makes Indian G-secs more attractive to global investors and index funds, raising inflows and bond-market liquidity.

3. What is the Voluntary Retention Route (VRR)?
VRR is an RBI scheme that invites FPIs to commit to retaining a stipulated share of investment for a fixed period (encouraging long-term flows) in exchange for relaxed regulatory norms

Summary

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which one of the following groups of items is included in India’s foreign-exchange reserves? (2013)

(a) Foreign-currency assets, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and loans from foreign countries

(b) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and SDRs

(c) Foreign-currency assets, loans from the World Bank and SDRs

(d) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and loans from the World Bank.

Ans: (b)

Q. With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic? (2020)

(a) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company.

(b) It is a largely non-debt creating capital flow.

(c) It is an investment which involves debt-servicing.

(d) It is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in the Government securities.

Ans: (b)



India's Maiden Private Rocket Launch

04-11-2025

Source: Mint

India’s first-ever private commercial satellite launch will be conducted by Hyderabad-based Skyroot Aerospace in January 2026.

Read more: India's First Private Launch Vehicle



Rowmari-Donduwa Wetland Complex

04-11-2025

Source: TOI

Why in News?

There is a demand for the inclusion of the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex in Assam as a Ramsar Site, recognizing its remarkable biodiversity and ecological significance.

What is the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex?

What is Ramsar Convention?

Laokhowa and Burhachapori WLS

Kaziranga National Park

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex?

The Rowmari–Donduwa Complex is a 2.5–3 km² floodplain–marsh within Laokhowa WLS, part of the Kaziranga landscape; it supports 120+ bird species and high avian counts, making it ecologically significant and a strong candidate for Ramsar designation.

2. How does Laokhowa–Burhachapori contribute to wildlife conservation in Assam?

Laokhowa–Burhachapori functions as a buffer and corridor connecting Kaziranga with adjacent PAs, supporting large mammals (rhino, elephant, tiger), wetlands for migratory birds, and riverine species like the Gangetic dolphin.

3. What distinguishes Kaziranga National Park's global conservation status?

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Tiger Reserve, holding the world's largest population of the endangered Indian one-horned rhinoceros.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2013)

National Park River flowing through Park
1. Corbett National Park Ganga
2. Kaziranga National Park Manas
3. Silent Valley National Park Kaveri

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 

(d) None

Ans: (d)


Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (2020)

(a) Corbett

(b) Ranthambore

(c) Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam 

(d) Sundarbans

Ans: (c)



Sustainable E-Waste Management Strategies

04-10-2025

For Prelims: E-waste, Heavy Metals, Particulate Matter, DNA, Extended Producer Responsibility, Central Pollution Control Board, Blockchain, Right-to-Repair.                                         

For Mains: E-Waste Management in India: Current Status, Challenges, Socio-Economic Impacts, Policy Initiatives, and Way Forward. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India generated 2.2 million metric tonnes (MT) of e-waste in 2025, becoming the third-largest global generator after China and the US. However, informal recycling exposes millions, especially marginalised communities, to serious health risks, making it a major urban challenge. 

E- Waste 

What are the Key Challenges Associated with Managing E-waste in India? 

How Does E-Waste Impact the Environment and Human Health? 

How can India Make E-waste Management More Sustainable and Efficient? 

Conclusion 

India’s booming digital transformation has intensified its e-waste crisis, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. Sustainable solutions require formalising the informal sector, strengthening enforcement, leveraging technology, promoting consumer responsibility, and embracing circular economy principles. Urgent multi-stakeholder action is essential to safeguard public health, environmental integrity, and long-term economic resilience.

Drishti Mains Question:

"India's digital leap has an unintended consequence: a silent e-waste epidemic." Critically examine this statement, analyzing the socio-economic and environmental challenges posed by informal e-waste recycling in urban India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s current e-waste generation status? 
India generated 2.2 million MT of e-waste in 2025, ranking third globally, with urban hotspots like Delhi, Moradabad, and Bhiwandi contributing over 60%. 

2. What is the concept of 'urban mining' in the context of e-waste management? 
It treats e-waste as a valuable resource by recovering precious and rare-earth metals from discarded electronics, promoting a circular economy and reducing the need for virgin material extraction. 

3. What are the major health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling? 
Informal recycling exposes workers to respiratory illnesses, neurological damage, skin disorders, DNA damage, and developmental delays, especially in children. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions  

Prelims:

Q. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (2013)

  1. Beryllium  
  2. Cadmium  
  3. Chromium  
  4. Heptachlor  
  5. Mercury  
  6. Lead  
  7. Plutonium  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only  

(b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only  

(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we safely remove the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018)



Extension of the RoDTEP Scheme

04-10-2025

Source: TH 

The Government of India has extended the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme for exporters until March 2026. The move comes as a relief to exporters struggling with rising US tariffs and global trade uncertainties. 

RoDTEP Scheme 

Read More: RoDTEP 


White Rhino

04-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Resurrection Quest, a documentary on cloning, gene editing, and species de-extinction, won the Gold Dolphin Award for showcasing efforts to save the northern white rhino. 

White Rhino 

RHINOCEROS

Read More: White Rhinos 


Model Youth Gram Sabha(MYGS)

04-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Centre is set to launch the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS), a school-based initiative inspired by Model UN simulations, to provide students practical exposure to local governance and Panchayati Raj functioning. 

MYGS 

Read More: Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats 


Fireflies as Ecological Indicators

04-09-2025

Source: IE

A Tamil Nadu Forest Department study in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)  identified eight firefly species and their population dynamics, emphasizing their role as ecological indicators.

Fireflies (Lampyridae)

Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)

Fireflies

Read More: Firefly for Great Indian Bustard 




BHARATI Initiative

04-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has launched the BHARATI initiative to strengthen India’s agri-food exports and foster innovation among startups. 

BHARATI Initiative

APEDA

APEDA

Read More: APEDA & TRIFED 



India’s Suspect Registry and Cybersecurity Initiatives

04-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

India’s online suspect registry has saved around Rs 5,100 crore by blocking 13 lakh fraudulent transactions, and it has quickly become a key tool in India’s fight against cybercrime.

What is a Suspect Registry?

Cybercrime Trends in India

Cyber_Crimes

Click here to Read: Cyber Frauds

What are India's Cybersecurity Initiatives?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the institutional and digital mechanisms established by India to prevent and respond to cybercrime.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) 

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer 
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so 
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion 
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (b)


Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017) 

  1. Service providers 
  2. Data centres 
  3. Body corporate 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



Single Window System for State DGP Appointments

04-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Government has introduced a Single Window System (SWS) to standardize and simplify the appointment of State Director Generals of Police (DGPs)/Heads of Police Force (HoPF). 

Key Features of the SWS: 

Superintendence over the State Police: 

State Police System

SC on Police Reform

Read More: Revamping India’s Police System 



50 Years of CITES

04-07-2025

Source: UN 

Why in News?  

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) completed 50 years on 1st July 2025. 

Note: The United Nations General Assembly designated 3rd March as UN World Wildlife Day in 2013, to coincide with the anniversary of the signing of CITES. 

What is CITES? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments. 
  2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. 
  3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)



Kariyachalli Island

04-07-2025

Source: DTE  

Tamil Nadu, under the TNSHORE (Tamil Nadu Sustainably Harnessing Ocean Resources) project, is working to protect the ecologically vital Kariyachalli Island in the Gulf of Mannar, which has shrunk by over 70% since 1969 and may be submerged by 2036. 

Kariyachalli Island 

Gulf of Mannar 

 Gulf_of_Mannar

Read More: Coral Breach in Gulf of Mannar 


Blocking of AI Web Crawler

04-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

In a landmark move, major US and UK publishers have started blocking Artificial Intelligence (AI) web crawlers to prevent unauthorised use of their content.  

What is an AI Web Crawler? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) web crawlers  to India's copyright regime. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets. (2014)



Police Reforms in India

03-12-2025

For Prelims: Police, Status of Policing in India Report, 2025JanamaithriHuman Rights, Supreme CourtNATGRIDCitizens’ ChartersPrakash Singh Directives.   

For Mains: Primary Challenges Facing Police Forces in India, Key Recommendations for Police Reforms, Strategies Needed to Improve the Effectiveness of Policing in India. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

At the 60th All India Conference of Director Generals/Inspector Generals of police in Raipur, held on the theme ‘Viksit Bharat: Security Dimensions’, the Prime Minister stressed the urgent need to improve public perception of the police by enhancing their professionalismsensitivity, and responsiveness. 

What are the Major Challenges Facing Police Forces in India? 

Police_Reforms

What are the Key Committee/Commission Related to Police Reforms in India?

Committee/Commission/Judgement 

Key Reforms Proposed 

Gore Committee (1971) 

Shift towards professional, service-oriented policing. Emphasized human rights and ethics in training. 

National Police Commission (NPC) (1977-1981) 

Separate investigation from law and order, ensure fixed tenures for senior officers and draft a new Model Police Act to replace the 1861 Act. 

Ribeiro Committee (1998) and Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000) 

Reinforced earlier recommendations, advocating for independent oversight bodies, modern training, and community policing. 

Malimath Committee (2003) 

Strengthen forensic and investigative capabilities, create a Central Law Enforcement Agency for federal crimes and proposed a witness protection program. 

Supreme Court (Prakash Singh Judgment) (2006) 

Issued 7 Directives: 

  1. Constitute a State Security Commission 
  2. Fixed two-year tenure for DGP 
  3. Two-year term for SPs & SHOs 
  4. Separate Investigation and L&O functions 
  5. Set up Police Establishment Board 
  6. Set up Police Complaints Authorities at State & Dist levels 

Set up National Security Commission at Centre level 

Model Police Act (2006) and NHRC Recommendations (2021) 

Emphasize police autonomy, accountability, and regulation of surveillance. 

Smart Policing Initiative (2015) 

Leverage technology, AI, and data analytics for predictive policing. Focus on community engagement. 

Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF) Scheme  

Upgrade weaponry, communication, forensic labs, and cybercrime infrastructure. 

What Reforms are Needed to Improve the Effectiveness of Policing in India? 

Conclusion 

Police reform in India requires moving beyond colonial structures. Full implementation of the Supreme Court's Prakash Singh directivesfunctional autonomytechnological modernization, and a shift to community-oriented service are essential to transform policing into a professionalaccountable, and trusted institution for a "Viksit Bharat." 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the impact of the colonial Police Act of 1861 on contemporary policing in India. What key judicial directives aim to address this legacy?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the significance of the Supreme Court's Prakash Singh judgement (2006) for police reforms? 
It issued seven binding directives, including creating State Security Commissions and Police Complaints Authorities, to ensure police autonomy, accountability, and reduce political interference. 

Q. How does the police personnel shortage in India compare to global standards? 
India has about 155 police officers per 100,000 people, which is significantly below the UN-recommended standard of 222, leading to overburdening and weakened law enforcement. 

Q. Which committees influenced modern police reforms in India? 
Key committees include Gore Committee (1971), National Police Commission (1977–1981), Ribeiro (1998), Padmanabhaiah (2000), and Malimath (2002–03). 

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q.1 Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences have come under public debate as a denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. (2014) 

Q.2 The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards. (2014) 



SC Directions on ‘Digital-Arrest’ Scams

03-12-2025

For Prelims: Central Bureau of InvestigationDigital ArrestMachine Learning and Artificial IntelligenceIndian Cybercrime Coordination Centre  

For Mains: Challenges of Rising Digital Tradecraft, Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks, Cyber security

Source: TH

Why in News?  

The Supreme Court of India has given the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) a free hand to investigate ‘digital arrest’ scams nationwide, after the Union government reported that fraudsters had siphoned off about Rs 3,000 crore, largely from senior citizens. 

What are the Supreme Court Directions on Digital Arrest Scams? 

What is Digital Arrest? 

What are the Challenges in Curtailing Digital-Arrest Scams? 

What are India's Initiatives to Tackle Digital Arrest? 

Conclusion 

Digital-arrest scams show how rapidly cybercrime is evolving and why stronger enforcement and public awareness are essential. With coordinated action from the CBI, states, and I4C, India can better protect citizens and strengthen its digital security ecosystem. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

What is Digital Arrest? Explain how it works and why it is rising in India. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs 

Q. What is a “digital-arrest” scam? 
Digital-arrest is a cyber fraud where scammers impersonate law-enforcement agencies to coerce victims into paying “fines” or “security deposits” by threatening arrest, account freezes, or passport cancellation. 

Q. What is I4C and how does it help? 
The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) (Ministry of Home Affairs) coordinates cybercrime intelligence, blocks malicious IDs/accounts, runs the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, and supports capacity building for state LEAs. 

Q. How can victims report digital fraud quickly? 
Victims can use the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) or call the Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Helpline — 1930, which enables immediate action like blocking suspicious transfers.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)    

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer    
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so    
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion    
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only    

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only    

(c) 2 and 3 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4    

Ans: (b) 

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)    

  1. Service providers    
  2. Data centres    
  3. Body corporate    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1 only    

(b) 1 and 2 only    

(c) 3 only    

(d) 1, 2 and 3    

Ans: (d) 


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



US Orders Resumption of Nuclear Weapon Testing

03-11-2025

For Prelims: Nuclear Weapon, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), No First Use Policy, New START, Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)  

For Mains: Implications of the resumption of nuclear testing by the US and steps needed to preserve nuclear peace and prevent nuclear escalation. India's stance regarding the use of nuclear weapons.

Source: IE

Why in News?

The US President has ordered the resumption of US nuclear weapon testing after a gap of 33 years (1992), marking a major shift in global nuclear policy.

What is the Status of Global Nuclear Weapon Testing Facility?

What can be the Implications of the U.S. Resuming Nuclear Weapon Testing?

Nuclear Arms Control Treaties 

What is India's Stand on the Use of Nuclear Weapons?

What Steps can Preserve Nuclear Peace and Prevent Nuclear Escalation?

Conclusion

Resuming US nuclear tests risks undermining arms-control norms, triggering a renewed arms race, damaging the environment and public health, complicating global non-proliferation efforts, while straining diplomacy and increasing economic costs.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the implications of resumption of nuclear testing by a major power on global arms control regimes

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
The CTBT (1996) prohibits all nuclear explosions; it has not entered into force—major signatories like the US signed but not ratified, undermining enforceability.

2. What are the key environmental risks associated with nuclear weapons testing?
Testing releases long-lived radioactive isotopes like Caesium-137, leading to widespread contamination of air, soil, and water, and increasing risks of cancer and genetic defects in exposed populations.

3. What is the cornerstone of India's declared nuclear doctrine?
India follows a No First Use (NFU) policy with credible minimum deterrence, balances civilian nuclear programmes and strategic needs while supporting non-proliferation objectives.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned

Ans: (b)

Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



Food Grain Storage in India

03-10-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India has achieved a record foodgrain production of 353.96 million tonnes for 2024-25, as per the Third Advance Estimates. To preserve this surplus, modern storage infrastructure is crucial to minimize post-harvest losses, ensure safe storage, and stabilize prices. 

What is a Foodgrain Storage System in India? 

Storage System in India 

States_in_Cold _Storage_Capacity

Importance of Foodgrain Storage 

What Initiatives has India Taken to Enhance Food Grain Storage Infrastructure? 

What are the Key Challenges in Maintaining Grain Storage & Suggest Measures to Address Them? 

Challenges 

Measures to Enhance Grain Storage 

High Post-Harvest Losses: India loses about 22% of its foodgrain output annually (~74 million tonnes in 2022-23). 

Expand Scientific Storage: Scale up silos and modern warehouses (e.g., 50,000 MT silo in Bihar inaugurated in 2025). 

Storage-Specific Losses: Around 6.58% of foodgrains are lost due to poor storage (pests, rodents, moisture damage). 

Reduce Losses via Better Post-Harvest Practices: Curb cereal losses during drying, cleaning, and marketing by maintaining safe moisture levels. 

Economic Burden: Annual storage losses are estimated at worth ₹7,000 crore, with insects responsible for ~₹1,300 crore in losses. 

Encourage PPPs (Public-Private Partnerships): Strengthen the PEG Scheme by providing long-term hiring guarantees to attract private investors. 

Dependence on CAP Storage: Nearly 90% of wheat in Punjab is stored under Cover and Plinth (CAP), which is highly vulnerable. 

Empower PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Societies): Fast-track the computerisation of ~63,000 PACS to benefit ~13 crore farmers and improve transparency. 

Focus on North-East, hilly, and tribal regions to address storage gaps through targeted schemes. 

Conclusion 

India’s journey from food deficit to food surplus has made scientific storage and distribution as critical as production itself. Strengthening storage through modern silos, PACS-based godowns, and cold chain infrastructure will not only reduce post-harvest losses but also ensure price stability, food security, and farmer welfare. 

Drishti Mains Question:

The real challenge to India’s food security is poor grain management rather than a shortage of grain production. Comment. (250 words)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is foodgrain storage infrastructure in India?
It includes FCI godowns, PACS village storage, steel silos, and cold storage facilities. Its purpose is to preserve grains, reduce post-harvest losses, and ensure food security.

2. What are the Key types of storage systems?
India has centralized storage, decentralized storage, and cold storage for perishable commodities like fruits, vegetables, and dairy.

3. How do PACS contribute to storage?
PACS provide village-level storage near farms, helping farmers avoid distress sales, access better prices, and reduce transport costs for the PDS.



Amazon Rainforest

03-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

A Nature study shows Amazon Rainforest trees are growing larger as rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels triggers the carbon fertilisation effect, enhancing photosynthesis and plant growth, which increases carbon storage and may help offset climate change. 

What is the Carbon Fertilisation Effect? 

What are the Key Facts About the Amazon Rainforest? 

Amazon_Rainforest

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the carbon fertilisation effect observed in the Amazon Rainforest? 
It is the process where rising atmospheric CO2 boosts photosynthesis and plant growth, increasing biomass and carbon storage, which may help mitigate climate change.

2. Where is the Amazon Rainforest located, and what is its size? 
Located in South America, the Amazon Rainforest spans about 6 million sq. km, covering 60% of Brazil and spreading across Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

3. Why is the Amazon Rainforest called the “Lungs of the Earth”? 
It produces around 20% of the world’s oxygen and acts as a major carbon sink, regulating global climate and supporting biodiversity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2023)

Statement-I: The soil in tropical rain forests is rich in nutrients. 

Statement-II: The high temperature and moisture of tropical rain forests cause dead organic matter in the soil to decompose quickly. 

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?  

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 

(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 

(d) statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct. 

Ans: d



Annual Survey of Industries 2023-24

03-10-2025

For Prelims: Annual Survey of Industries, National Statistical Office, Index of Industrial Production , Production Linked Initiative  

For Mains: India’s industrial growth, Opportunities and challenges in India’s manufacturing and industrial sector.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2023-24.

What are the Key Highlights of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2023-24?

Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) 

What are the Opportunities and Challenges to India's Industrial Sector?

Opportunities 

Challenges 

All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) recorded a 4.0 % year-on-year growth in August 2025. Manufacturing’s 17% share of GDP, creates opportunities to boost economic growth and global competitiveness. 

Logistics, power, water, ports, and warehousing deficiencies hinder efficiency despite reduced logistics costs.  

India attracted USD 81.04 billion in gross foreign direct investment (FDI) in FY 2024-25, with manufacturing FDI rising 18%, positioning India as a global investment hub. 

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) face credit gaps and high borrowing costs despite rising commercial credit exposure. 

Rapid modernization in key industries (electronics, pharma, automotive, textiles) provides opportunities for higher value addition and global leadership. 

Low-cost producers like China and Vietnam challenge Indian manufacturers; limited R&D and weak design capabilities restrict global competitiveness.

Uneven adoption of Industry 4.0 among MSMEs,and concerns over job displacement from automation, limiting growth. 

Initiatives like Production Linked Initiative (PLI)GST reforms, National Manufacturing Mission, and PM MITRA parks create opportunities to scale operations and attract investment. 

Non-tariff barriers, Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) caution, and rising tariffs (e.g., US 50% on Indian exports) impact competitiveness. 

Workforce upskilling via Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana and other programs, along with youth-centric policies, is driving inclusive job creation. 

Only 4.7% of the workforce is formally trained; mismatch between academic training and industrial needs restricts adoption of advanced technologies. 

Green manufacturing, renewable energy, and net-zero targets present opportunities for innovation and global market alignment. 

Decarbonization, net-zero commitments, ethanol blending, and compliance with global green standards add increased production costs. 
 
 

What Measures can Strengthen Industrial Sector Momentum in India? 

Conclusion

As India targets a USD 35 trillion economy by 2047, manufacturing driven by reforms, PLI, the National Manufacturing Mission, and skill initiatives will be the growth engine. Strong momentum, resilient supply chains, and favorable global realignments position India to become not just the “factory of the world” but a global hub for innovation and industrial leadership. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically analyze the opportunities and challenges for India’s manufacturing sector in the context of global competitiveness.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)?
The ASI, conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, is the principal source of industrial statistics covering registered factories, electricity undertakings, and large establishments.

2. What was the GVA growth in ASI 2023-24?
Gross Value Added grew by 11.89%, driven by basic metals, motor vehicles, chemicals, food products, and pharmaceuticals.

3. Which states led industrial GVA in 2023-24?
Maharashtra (16%), Gujarat (14%), Tamil Nadu (10%), Karnataka (7%), and Uttar Pradesh (7%) were the top performers.

4. What are the key challenges facing India’s industrial sector?
Key challenges include infrastructure gaps, skill deficits, MSME credit constraints, global competition, sustainability compliance, and trade barriers like high US tariffs and EU’s CBAM.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

Prelims

Q. In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015)

(a) Coal production   

(b) Electricity generation   

(c) Fertilizer production   

(d) Steel production   

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q.1 “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017)   

Q.2 Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis the industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (2014)



Please share the BPS test file

03-09-2025

Source: TH

India has developed CEREBO, an indigenous, hand-held diagnostic device to detect traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), aiming to improve early detection and patient outcomes, particularly in rural and emergency settings.

Key Features of CEREBO:

Read more: Brainoware




Department of Rural Development: Year Ender 2025

03-01-2026

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Department of Rural Development released its Year Ender 2025, highlighting major gains in rural connectivity, housing, livelihoods, employment, skilling, and social security, alongside the enactment of a new employment guarantee law- marking a significant push towards inclusive and resilient rural growth.

What were the Major Outcomes of India’s Rural Development Efforts in 2025?

Conclusion

Rural development outcomes in 2025 indicate a decisive shift from fragmented welfare delivery to an integrated, technology-enabled, and institution-driven development model. India is strengthening rural resilience, inclusiveness, and state capacity, aligning grassroots transformation with the long-term goal of Viksit Bharat.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. “Rural development in India is no longer about welfare delivery alone but about institution-building and resilience.” Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the significance of the VB–G RAM G Act, 2025?
    It expands the statutory rural employment guarantee to 125 days, integrates bottom-up planning via Gram Sabhas, and links employment with durable infrastructure creation.

  2. How did PMGSY contribute to rural connectivity by 2025?
    Nearly 95% of sanctioned rural roads (7.87 lakh km) were completed, strengthening economic integration, border connectivity, and all-weather access.

  3. Why is DAY-NRLM considered transformative for rural women?
    It mobilised 10.05 crore women into SHGs, reduced NPAs to 1.76%, and enabled 2 crore Lakhpati Didis, signalling sustainable income generation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following grants/grant direct credit assistance to rural households? (2013)

  1. Regional Rural Banks
  2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
  3. Land Development Banks

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

Q2. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (2012)

  1. By setting up a large number of new manufacturing industries and agribusiness centres in rural areas
  2. By strengthening ‘self-help groups’ and providing skill development
  3. By supplying seeds, fertilisers, diesel pump-sets and micro-irrigation equipment free of cost to farmers

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains 

Q. Despite consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (2016) 



Antarctica Day and 25 Years of NCPOR

02-12-2025

Source: PIB 

India celebrated Antarctica Day (1st December) while also marking 25 years of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa reaffirming its role as the country’s lead institution for polar and ocean exploration. 

Read more:  India's Tryst with Antarctica 



Aadi Vaani: AI Translator for Tribal Languages

02-09-2025

Source: TH

The Union government launched the beta version of Aadi Vaani, India’s First AI-powered Translator for Adivasi languages, to strengthen communication and capacity-building in tribal districts.

BHASHINI (BHASHa INterface for India)

Read more:  Digital India BHASHINI




Slums in Floodplains

02-08-2025

For Prelims: UN-HABITAT, Smart Cities Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, National Sample Survey Office, Ganga 

For Mains: Urbanisation and associated problems, Social justice and vulnerable sections, rights of slum dwellers. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A global study, published in Nature Cities, has revealed that India has the world’s highest number of slum clusters located in flood-prone areas.  

What are the Global Trends in Flood Risk and Slum Settlements? 

Factors Responsible for Flooding in India 

Urban Flood

What is the Status of Slums in India? 

What Measures can be Adopted for Sustainable Slum and Flood Management? 

Conclusion

As the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development deadline approaches, there is an urgent need to address flood vulnerability in slum settlements. Efforts must be accelerated to achieve SDG Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty), especially for communities already living in flood-exposed areas.

Drishti Mains Question: 

"The growth of informal settlements in flood-prone zones reflects the failure of urban governance in India." Discuss.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims:

Q. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (2011)

  1. La Nina is characterised by an usually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
  2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises? (2023)

Q. Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (2020)

Q. Discuss the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. (2013)




Polavaram- Banakacherla Project Dispute

02-08-2025

For Prelims: Krishna-Godavari water-sharing issues, Inter-State River Water Disputes, Sarkaria Commission 

For Mains: Inter State Relations, Inter-State River Water Disputes, issues related to Sharing of water Resources. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Central Government has decided to constitute a high-level committee to resolve the conflict between Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana over the proposed Polavaram–Banakacherla Link Project (PBLP) and other Krishna-Godavari water-sharing issues. 

What is Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project? 

Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project: 

Key Challenges Related to the Project 

Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project

What is the Mechanism for Inter-State River Water Disputes Resolution in India? 

What are the Key Issues Related to Inter-State Water Disputes? 

What Measures Should be Taken to Effectively Resolve Inter-State Water Disputes? 

Inter-State River Water Disputes

Drishti Mains Question:

Despite constitutional provisions and institutional mechanisms, inter-state river water disputes continue to persist in India. Discuss the limitations of the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 and suggest reforms. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains:

Q. Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (2013)



India's Resolution on the 'Wise Use of Wetlands' Adopted at Ramsar COP15

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India’s resolution on the ‘‘Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for the Wise Use of Wetlands’’ was adopted at the 15th Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP15) to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, held at  Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 

What is India’s Resolution on the Wise Use of Wetlands? 

Wise Use of Wetlands 

What are the Key Outcomes of Ramsar COP15? 

Ramsar_Convention

Drishti Mains Question:

The concept of ‘wise use’ of wetlands is central to the Ramsar Convention. Examine India’s approach towards ensuring the wise use of wetlands.

Read more: Global Wetland Outlook 2025 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims 

Q. “If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? (2022)

a. The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and evaporation. 

b. Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles and mammals thrive. 

c. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and Soil stabilization. 

d. Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients.

Ans: (d)

Q. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?(2014) 

(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference    

(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity  within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland    

(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed    

(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’   

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation.Cite two Examples of Ramsar site from India. (2018)



Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Key provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 have come into force, aiming to enhance banking governance, improve audit transparency, strengthen depositor protection, and bring cooperative banks under a more robust regulatory framework. 

What is Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025? 

Read more:

 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements are correct? (2022)

  1. The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. 
  2. BBB recommends for the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. 
  3. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital raising plans. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



National Investigation Agency (NIA)

02-01-2026

Source: TH

In 2025, the National Investigation Agency recorded a landmark counter-terror performance with an over 92% conviction rate, reflecting a significantly strengthened internal security enforcement framework.

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

Read more: National Investigation Agency


MH60R Helicopter

01-12-2025

Source:PIB 

India has signed Letters of Offer and Acceptance (LOAs) worth Rs 7,995 crore with the US for five-year sustainment support of the Indian Navy’s MH-60R multi-role helicopters. 

Read more: MH-60R Multi-Mission Helicopters 


Navigating the Coal Transition for Energy Security

01-12-2025

For Prelims: Quality Council of IndiaMines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957Sedimentary RockGSTCoal GasificationCoking CoalFlue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)Battery Energy Storage Systems    

For Mains: Key Facts Regarding the Coal Sector and its Importance in Indian Economy, Major Challenges and Drawbacks Facing India's Coal Sector and Way Forward.  

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The government has allowed private entities, accredited by the Quality Council of India (QCI), to serve as Accredited Prospecting Agencies (APAs) and carry out prospecting work under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. 

What Role does Coal Play in India's Energy Security? 

What are the Key Facts Regarding the Coal Sector in India? 

What are the Major Challenges Facing India's Coal Sector? 

How can India Navigate a Just Transition from Coal to a Renewable Energy Dominated Future? 

Conclusion 

India's coal sector remains vital for energy security and the economy, but it faces unsustainable environmental and economic costs. The future hinges on a dual strategy: responsibly managing coal as a transitional, flexible power source while aggressively scaling up renewables and storage for a sustainable, self-reliant energy future.

Drishti Mains Question:

"Coal is the bedrock of India's energy security, but its long-term sustainability is questionable." Critically analyze this statement in the context of India's developmental and environmental goals.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the significance of coal in India’s energy mix?
Coal contributes 55% to India’s energy mix and fuels over 74% of electricity generation, providing stable, reliable power essential for grid stability. 

Q. Which Indian states hold the largest coal reserves? 
Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh together account for 69% of India’s total coal reserves. 

Q. How is the government promoting cleaner use of coal? 
Through initiatives like a Rs 8,500 crore viability gap funding scheme for coal gasification, which converts coal to syngas for cleaner fuels and chemicals, reducing its direct carbon footprint. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019) 

  1. Coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi. 
  2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis. 
  3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)

Q2. Which of the following is/are the characteristic/characteristics of Indian coal? (2013) 

  1. High ash content 
  2. Low sulphur content 
  3. Low ash fusion temperature 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



Boosting Textile Competitiveness

01-11-2025

For Prelims: Textile Sector, MSME, Make in India, Skill India, Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles, PM MITRA (Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel) Parks, Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS), Samarth (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector), National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM), Circular Economy.

For Mains: Status, global competitiveness challenges, and strategic reforms needed for India's textile industry to achieve its USD 100 billion export potential and align with national economic goals.

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Government is formulating a comprehensive cost roadmap for the textile sector to align it with global benchmarks amid rising competition from Bangladesh, Vietnam, and China

What is the Status of India’s Textile Industry?

What Factors are Hindering the Global Competitiveness of India's Textile Industry?

What Reforms are Required to Boost the Global Competitiveness of India's Textile Industry?

Government Roadmap

Strategic Reforms Needed

Conclusion

A comprehensive cost roadmap—covering short, medium and long terms—can revitalize India’s textile sector by lowering input and compliance costs, boosting productivity, fostering R&D and sustainability, and securing FTAs. Coordinated reforms across infrastructure, trade, labour, finance and innovation are essential for achieving the $100 billion export and competitiveness goals by 2030.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "India's textile sector, despite its significant economic contribution, faces a crisis of competitiveness." Analyse the structural bottlenecks responsible for this and suggest strategic reforms needed.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is India’s global rank in the textile market?

India ranks 5th globally in the textile market. India exported USD 34.4 billion worth of textiles in 2023–24.

2. What share of India’s industrial production is from textiles?

The textile industry accounts for 13% of India’s industrial production. The textile sector contributes 2.3% to India’s GDP.

3. What is the projected size of India’s domestic textile market by 2030?

It is expected to grow to USD 350 billion by 2030.

PM MITRA Scheme: Mega Textile Parks - IN FOCUS | UPSC Current affairs | Drishti IAS English

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consistently increased in the last decade. 
  2. “Textile and textile articles” constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh. 
  3. In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Analyse the factors for highly decentralized cotton textile industry in India. (2013)



India Secures Six-Month US Waiver for Chabahar Port

01-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India has received a six-month waiver from US sanctions on Iran’s Chabahar Port, allowing continued Indian operations there until at least April 2026.

What are the Key Facts About the Chabahar Port?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Where is the Chabahar Port located? 

It is situated in Iran’s Sistan–Baluchestan province on the Gulf of Oman, near the Strait of Hormuz.

2. What are the two main ports at Chabahar Port?

Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari are the two principal terminals; India was offered development of Shahid Beheshti and operates it through IPGL.

3. Which corridor links Chabahar Port with Russia and Europe?

 The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).

4. Why is Chabahar strategically important for India?

It provides a direct sea–land route to Afghanistan and Central Asia bypassing Pakistan, links to INSTC, and counters Chinese influence via China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017)

(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.

(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.

(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.

(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.

Ans: (c)



Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak 2025

01-11-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has honoured 1,466 personnel from various States, Union Territories, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and Central Police Organisations (CPOs) with the ‘Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak 2025’.

Read more:  Rashtriya Ekta Diwas 2025: Sardar Patel @150 - A Legacy of Unity


Wassenaar Arrangement

01-10-2025

For Prelims: Wassenaar Arrangement,  No Money for Terrorism, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Non-Proliferation Treaty

For Mains: Wassenaar Arrangement, Multilateral Export Control Regimes and Global Security, Challenges of Regulating Digital Technologies and Cloud Services

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Protests erupted against Microsoft after allegations that its Azure cloud services were used to support Israeli military operations in Palestine, causing civilian harm and raising concerns over loopholes in the Wassenaar Arrangement’s export control framework.

What is Wassenaar Arrangement?

India and Wassenaar Arrangement

Wassenaar _Arrangement

What are the Challenges facing the Wassenaar Arrangement?

What Measures can Strengthen the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Conclusion

The Wassenaar Arrangement, while foundational for global export controls, struggles to keep pace with rapidly evolving cloud and digital technologies. Strengthening the regime with binding rules, agile oversight, and end-use controls is essential to prevent misuse and safeguard human rights.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the role of the Wassenaar Arrangement in promoting global security and non-proliferation. How has its relevance evolved in the digital and cloud era?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Wassenaar Arrangement?

  A 1996 multilateral regime controlling conventional arms and dual-use technologies to enhance global security.

2. Which lists are maintained under the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Munitions List (tanks, aircraft, small arms) and Dual-Use List (civilian/military tech).

3. Why is the Wassenaar Arrangement’s relevance challenged today?

It struggles with cloud, AI, and digital surveillance technologies, has a voluntary consensus-based framework, inconsistent national implementation, and limited human rights considerations.

4. What reforms can strengthen the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Expand scope to digital/cloud tech, redefine “export,” introduce binding rules, enforce real-time watchlists, integrate human rights and risk-based licensing.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Recently the USA decided to support India’s membership in multi-lateral export control regimes called the “Australia Group” and the “Wassenaar Arrangements”. What is the difference between them ? (2011)

1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.

2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly Asian, African and Page 9 North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.

Which of the statements given above is/ correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium 

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies 

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises 

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



India-EFTA Free Trade Agreement

01-10-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

India’s Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EFTA bloc - comprising Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein, has come into effect, marking a significant step in strengthening trade and investment ties. The agreement reflects India’s growing role in global value chains and its strategy to expand market access while attracting foreign investment. 

What is India-EFTA FTA? 

What are Free Trade Agreements?

What Measures can India Adopt to Strengthen its Position in Global Trade?

Conclusion

The India–EFTA FTA marks a significant step in strengthening India’s global trade ties, boosting exports, attracting investments, and promoting economic integration, while also requiring careful management of domestic industry challenges and strategic trade diversification.

Read More: Reviewing Free Trade Agreements

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following countries:

  1. Australia
  2. Canada
  3. China
  4. India
  5. Japan
  6. USA

Which of the above are among the ‘free-trade partners’ of ASEAN?

Options:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
(b) 3, 4, 5 and 6
(c) 1, 3, 4 and 5
(d) 2, 3, 4 and 6

Answer: (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5


Mains

Q. Critically evaluate the impact of Free Trade Agreements on India’s trade balance and industrial competitiveness. (2019)



Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)

01-10-2025

Source: IE

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has established a six-member Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) to enhance oversight and governance of the country’s payment systems.

Regulation of Payment Systems in India

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI)



Gangotri Glacier Retreat Signals Climate Peril

01-09-2025

Source: DTE

A study by IIT Indore and ICIMOD (Nepal) reveals that the Gangotri Glacier System (GGS), the primary source of the Ganga, has lost 10% of its snowmelt flow over 1980–2020 due to rising temperatures and climate change.

Gangotri Glacier

Ganga River System

Gangotri Glacier

Read More: River Ganga 



Marine Heatwaves

01-08-2025

For Prelims: Marine Heatwaves (MHWs), Sea Surface Temperatures, El Nino, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Gulf Stream, Kelp Forests, Seagrass Meadows, Coral Reefs, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Wetlands, UNCLOS, UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021-2030), UN Plastic Treaty.                      

For Mains: Marine Heatwaves, its causes and consequences, Steps needed to curb marine heatwaves. 

Source: TH   

Why in News? 

Scientists have found that the marine heatwaves (MHWs) affected 96% of the ocean surface in 2023, raising fears of a permanent temperature shift that could disrupt life in oceans and on land. 

What are Key Facts Regarding Marine Heatwaves? 

What are the Effects of Marine Heatwaves on Oceans and Climate? 

MHW

How Can We Prevent and Mitigate Marine Heatwaves? 

Conclusion 

Marine heatwaves threaten ocean health, weather stability, and coastal economies. Combating them requires global emission cuts, marine ecosystem protection, and advanced monitoring. Without urgent action, MHWs will intensify, causing irreversible damage to biodiversity and human livelihoods. A coordinated climate-ocean policy is essential to safeguard our oceans and future. 

Drishti Mains

Question: "Marine heatwaves are emerging as a silent crisis for ocean ecosystems." Discuss their causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2020)

  1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26ºC isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.  
  2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long term mean.  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only    

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2    

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022)

Q. Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples. (2017)




NHAI Sustainability Report 2023-24

01-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) released its second Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24, detailing significant achievements in integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles into its operations.  

What are the Major Environmental Sustainability Initiatives Undertaken by NHAI? 

How Infrastructure Development can be Synergised with Environmental Sustainability?  

National Highways Authority of India 

Conclusion 

NHAI’s Sustainability Report reflects a strategic shift from "build fast" to "build green", integrating climate consciousness with infrastructure expansion. India must walk the path of 'concrete with conscience', where every highway, bridge, or port is not just an economic asset but also an ecological responsibility. 

Related Keywords for Mains:  

Drishti Mains Question: 

"Infrastructure development is often seen as a trade-off with environmental sustainability. In the Indian context, how can sustainable infrastructure be achieved without compromising the needs of economic growth and ecological preservation?"

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (2021)



Central Empowered Committee Report on CAMPA

01-08-2025

For Prelims:  Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF) Act, 2016, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Comptroller and Auditor General of India 

For Mains: CEC Report on CAMPA, About CAMPA, Challenges Related to its Implementations and Way Forward 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court-mandated Central Empowered Committee (CEC) assessed India's compensatory afforestation initiatives, finding that while 85% of the target has been met, only 67.5% of the  CAMPA funds have been utilized.

CAMPA Fund

What is Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)? 

What are the Key Challenges in Implementation of CAF Act, 2016? 

What Measures Can be Taken to Strengthen CAMPA? 

Drishti Mains Question:

What is the role of the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) in India’s forest governance? Critically examine its effectiveness in achieving environmental and developmental balance.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels. 
  2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a)



RBI Tightens Investment Norms in AIFs

01-08-2025

Source: TH 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has new norms to limit investment by regulated entities (REs) in Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) schemes to prevent evergreening, reduce concentration risk, and improve financial risk management. 

AIF_Categories

Read more: Ubharte Sitaare Alternative Investment Fund 


Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025

01-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986.  

What are the Key Provisions of the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025? 

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 

UPSC Civil Services Exam, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to: 

  1. State the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought. 
  2. Lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)



Project 17A Frigate Himgiri

01-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Himgiri (Yard 3022), the 3rd ship of the Nilgiri Class (Project 17A), built at Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata, was delivered to the Indian Navy, marking a key milestone in India’s journey towards self-reliance in warship design and construction. 

Read more: INS Nilgiri 

Project 17A and INS Taragiri 



Inauguration of National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad

01-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Union Home Minister inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana, to develop a complete value chain for turmeric, including packaging, branding, marketing, and export.  

Turmeric 

Spices_in_India

Read More: National Turmeric Board 




India's Air Pollution Crisis

01-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A recent study revealed that secondary pollutants, particularly ammonium sulphate (sulphur dioxide (SO₂) + ammonia (NH₃)), contribute to nearly one-third of India’s PM2.5 pollution highlighting the urgent need for air pollution controls. 

What are Key Facts Regarding Air Pollution? 

Air_Pollutants 

What is Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)? 

Flue_Gas_Desulphurisation

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) 

  1. Automobile exhaust  
  2. Tobacco smoke  
  3. Wood burning  
  4. Using varnished wooden furniture  
  5. Using products made of polyurethane  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only    

(b) 2 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   

Ans: (a)  

Q. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation techniques? (2017) 

  1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 
  2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 
  3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



10 Years of Digital India

01-07-2025

For Prelims: Digital India, Financial Inclusion, Digital Infrastructure, Optical Fibre, UPI, Aadhaar, Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), Government e-Marketplace (GeM), IndiaAI Mission (2024–29), India Semiconductor Mission, Karmayogi Bharat, iGOT, DigiLocker, UMANG App, BHASHINI, Common Service Centres, BharatNet, Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, Cyber Surakshit Bharat, Skill India, PMGDISHA.       

For Mains: Performance of Digital India,  Key Issues Associated with Digital India and further measures needed to strengthen Digital India. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

On 1st July 2025, India celebrated 10 years of Digital India, a flagship initiative launched in 2015 to bridge the digital divide and empower citizens through technology 

What are Achievements of Digital India Since its Launch? 

What is the Digital India Initiative?  

Digital_India_Initiative_Pillars 

Key_Milestones_Digital_India 

What are the Key Issues Associated with the Digital India Initiative? 

What Measures can be Adopted to Further Strengthen the Digital India Initiative? 

Conclusion 

In its 10-year journey, Digital India has revolutionised service delivery, economic empowerment, and citizen participation. However, challenges like the digital divide, cybersecurity, and data privacy persist. With strategic reforms, inclusive infrastructure, and robust regulation, Digital India can become the cornerstone of Viksit Bharat, enabling equitable and sustainable digital growth. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Digital India has bridged technological gaps but faces persistent challenges. Critically analyze this statement with reference to India’s digital transformation (2015–2025).

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2022)

  1. Aarogya Setu 
  2. CoWIN 
  3. DigiLocker 
  4. DIKSHA 

Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)  

Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Regarding ‘DigiLocker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme. 
  2. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)

Q. How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regard? (2015).



India as the World’s Fourth Largest Economy

01-01-2026

Source: TH

The Government announced that India has surpassed Japan to become the world's fourth-largest economy with a GDP of USD 4.18 trillion and is the fastest-growing major economy. Currently, India is behind the United States (USD 30.6 trillion), China (USD 19.4 trillion), and Germany (USD 5 trillion). 

Read More: Targeting Higher Growth Rate for India


India–Maldives Infrastructure Cooperation

01-01-2026

Source: TH

The Ministry of Civil Aviation asked the Airports Authority of India (AAI) to examine the Maldives’ proposal to engage Indian companies for the management of Hanimaadhoo airport.

Read more: India and Maldives


India’s Mega Rail Projects

01-01-2026

Source: PIB

Indian Railways is undertaking landmark 21st-century infrastructure projects that are transforming connectivity, boosting logistics, and showcasing India’s engineering capability and long-term development vision.

What are the Recent Landmark Railway Infrastructure Projects in India?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is special about the Chenab Rail Bridge?
    It is the world’s highest railway arch bridge (359 m above river).
  2. What makes the New Pamban Bridge unique?
    It is India’s first vertical-lift sea railway bridge.
  3. How has rail connectivity improved in the North-East?
    Through new tracks, electrification, Aizawl’s first rail link and station redevelopment.
  4. What are Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)?
    Exclusive freight routes to reduce congestion and logistics cost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. The decomposition of human waste in the biotoilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
  2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)